Variation in phosphorus efficiency among 73 bread and durum wheat genotypes grown in a phosphorus-deficient calcareous soil

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to study the severity of phosphorus (P) deficiency symptoms on leaves, shoot dry matter production, and shoot concentration and content (the total amount per shoot) of P in 39 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 34 durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) genotypes grown in a severely P-deficient calcareous soil with low (20mgPkg−1 soil) and adequate (80mgPkg−1 soil) P supply for 39 days. As the seed P concentration or content can affect plant performance under P-deficient conditions, the seeds of the genotypes used in the present study were also analyzed for P concentration. Phosphorus efficiency (relative shoot growth) of genotypes, calculated by the ratio of shoot dry matter production under low P to that under adequate P supply, significantly differed among the genotypes, and varied between 46.7% and 78.6%. Phosphorus efficiency ranged from 51% to 71% with an average of 61% for bread and from 47% to 79% with an average of 66% for durum wheat genotypes. There was no correlation between P efficiency ratio and P concentration of plants (R 2=0.0001), but P efficiency of all bread and durum wheat genotypes showed a very significant correlation with the P content (the total amount of P per shoot) (R 2=0.333***). The relationship between the P efficiency and total amount of P per shoot was much more significant in bread (R 2=0.341***) than in durum wheat (R 2=0.135*). Like shoot P concentrations, also severity of visible leaf symptoms of P deficiency on older leaves, including leaf chlorosis and necrosis, did not correlate with P efficiency. In most cases, genotypes showing higher P efficiency had higher absolute shoot dry weight under P deficient conditions. Under P deficient conditions, the absolute shoot dry weight very significantly correlated with shoot P content (R 2=0.665***), but the correlation between the absolute shoot dry weight and shoot P concentration tended to be negative. There was also variation in native seed P reserve of the genotypes, but this variation had no influence on the P efficiency. The results indicate that the total amount of P per shoot and shoot dry matter production at low P supply are most reliable parameters in ranking genotypes for P efficiency at early growth stage. In wheat germplasm tested in the present study, several wheat genotypes are available showing both very high P efficiency and very high shoot content and concentration of P suggesting that P acquisition ability should be most important mechanism for high P efficiency in such genotypes. On the other hand, there are also genotypes in the germplasm having more or less same P concentration or P content in shoot but differing substantially in P efficiency, indicating importance of P utilization at cellular level in P efficiency. All these results suggest that P efficiency mechanisms can be different from one genotype to other within a given plant species

Produção de biomassa, acúmulo de nitrato, teores e exportação de macronutrientes da alface sob sombreamento Yield, accumulation of nitrate, content and export of nutrients of lettuce cultivated under shade

Objetivou-se avaliar produção de biomassa, acúmulo de nitrato, teores e exportação de macronutrientes das cultivares de alface Regina e Verônica, em cultivo a céu aberto e sob duas malhas termorrefletoras (Aluminet®30%-O e Aluminet®40%-O) e uma difusora (ChromatiNet Difusor®30%), em experimento conduzido na Universidade Federal de Viçosa (MG). As malhas termorrefletoras e difusora foram instaladas em estruturas tipo telados retangulares fechados, com 2 x 4 x 36 m (altura, largura e comprimento). A semeadura foi realizada em bandejas de 200 células, preenchidas com substrato comercial, sob ambiente protegido, em 31/05/02. O transplante foi realizado em 26/06/02 e a colheita em 06/08/02, ocasião em que foram feitas as avaliações. Avaliou-se a produção de biomassa, teor de nitrato, teores e exportação de macronutrientes. 'Regina' apresentou folhas mais tenras do que a 'Verônica', portanto mais adequadas a mercados mais exigentes, porém, com maior teor de nitrato. Considerando os aspectos quantitativo e qualitativo da produção sugere-se o uso das malhas Aluminet®40%-O e ChromatiNet Difusor®30%; todavia, deve-se ajustar adequadamente a adubação nitrogenada para que não haja acúmulo de nitrato a níveis elevados devido a restrição de luz promovida pelas malhas. Ambientes e cultivares influenciaram nos teores e quantidades exportadas dos nutrientes. Com relação à exportação de nutrientes observou-se a ordem K>N>Ca>P>Mg>S.<br>In this experiment we evaluated the production, accumulation of nitrate, content and exportable mineral nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S) of lettuce cultivars Regina and Verônica cultivated under two thermo-reflective screens (Aluminet®30%-O and Aluminet®40%-O), and a diffusive screen (ChromatiNet Difusor®30%). The trial was carried out in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Seeds were sown in trays of 200 cells, under protected atmosphere, on 05/31/02. The transplant was accomplished on 06/26/02 and the harvest on 08/06/02, when the evaluations were performed. The thermo-reflective and diffusive screens were installed in structures type 'shut rectangular fence', with 2 x 4 x 36 m (height, width and length), close to the cultivation under open sky (control). We evaluated the production of mass, content of nitrate, content and exportable mineral nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S). 'Regina' presented more tender leaves than the 'Verônica', therefore being more appropriate to the high quality demanding markets, even so, with larger content of nitrate. Considering the quantitative and qualitative aspects, the Aluminet®40% and ChromatiNet Difusor®30% screens should be recommended; though, the nitrogen should be adjusted to avoid the accumulation of nitrate. The growing conditions and cultivars influenced content and exportable mineral nutrients. With relation to the export of nutrients the following order was observed: K>N>Ca>P>Mg>S