The use of citrus pulp silage in Diplodus puntazzo nutrition

[EN] Purpose Studying the efect of citrus pulp silage in the growth performance, amino acid retention of sharpsnout sea bream juveniles. Methods Citrus pulp is an energy and protein source that has been used to replace wheat meal in Diplodus puntazzo fngerlings; 96 fsh of 21.5±0.67 g were nourished with two experimental diets for 105 days. The control diet (CON) contained 421.6 g/kg of protein and 22.6 MJ/kg of energy. The citrus pulp diet (CPD) included 442.7 g/kg of protein and 22.02 MJ/ kg of energy. Results At the end of this trial, the CPD did not afect the growth parameters, but the feed efciency values exhibited statistically signifcant diferences, with those fsh fed the CPD having higher values, possibly due to the presence of limonene in the diet. The CPD also resulted in a reduction in amino acid (AA) content due to the protein being bound to fbre; this consequence did not afect the fnal fsh AA profle. For AA retention, only arginine displayed signifcant diferences, although the rest of the AAs also showed efects of AA reduction from the CPD. Conclusion Citrus pulp silage can be used in D. puntazzo feeding, without adverse in the growth performance and the amino acid profle, although it did cause a reduction in feed efciencyNogales Mérida, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerda, M.; Sánchez Lozano, NB.; Velazco Vargas, JL.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2018). The use of citrus pulp silage in Diplodus puntazzo nutrition. International Journal Of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture (Online). 2018:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-018-0235-5S182018Alnaimy A, Gad AE, Mustafa MM, Atta MAA, Basuony HAM (2017) Using of citrus by-products in farm animals feeding. J Sci 1(3):58–67. https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2017.01.00014Amorim AB, Thomaz MC, Ruiz US, Pascoal LAF, Watanabe PH, Martinez JF, Daniel E, Martins MIEG, Masson GCIH (2011) Economic evaluation of the use of different levels of citrus pulp with or without the addition of enzyme complex in the diets of pigs. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 63(5):1181–1190. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352011000500020Amorim AB, Thomaz MC, Ruiz U, Dott S, Martinez JF, Pascoal LAF, Daniel E, Watanabe PH, Rosalen DL (2014) Citrus pulp and enzyme complex for growing and finishing pigs. Rev Bras Saúde Prod Anim Salv 15(2):369–380. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402014000200009AOAC (Association of official Analytical Chemists) (1990) Official methods of analysis, 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, ArlingtonBasir R, Toghyani M (2017) Effect of dietary graded levels of dried lemon (Citrus aurantifulia) pulp on performance, intestinal morphology and humoral immunity in broiler chickens. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 6:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-017-0159-5Bosch L, Alegria A, Farré R (2006) Application of the 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC), reagent to the RP-HPLC determination of amino acids in infant foods. J Chromatogr B 831:176–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.002Chaouch H, Hamida OBA-BH, Ghorbel M, Jarboui O (2013) Diet composition and food habits of Diplodus puntazzo (Sparidae) from the Gulf of Gabès (Central Mediterranean). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 93(8):2257–2264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.002Crosswhite JD, Myers NB, Adesogan AT, Brendemuhi JH, Johnson DD, Carr CC (2013) The effect of dietary citrus pulp on the growth, feed efficiency, carcass merit, and lean quality of finishing pigs. Prof Animal Sci 29:345–358Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2017) Citrus fruit, fresh and processed. Statistical bulletin 2016. Trade and Markets Division, RomeFrancis G, Makker HPS, Becker K (2001) Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199:197–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00526-9Fukada H, Furutani T, Shimizu R, Masumoto T (2014) Effects of yuzu (Citrus junos) peel from waste as an aquaculture feed supplement on growth, environmental load, and dark muscle discoloration in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. J Aquat Food Prod T 23:511–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2012.732201Hernández MD, Egea MA, Rueda FM, Aguado F, Martínez FJ, García B (2001) Effects of commercial diets with a different P/E ratio on sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) growth and nutrient utilization. Aquaculture 195:321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00564-0Krogdahl Å, Hemre G-I, Mommsen TP (2005) Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and absorption in postlarval stages. Aquacult Nutr 11(2):103–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00327.xLashkari S, Taghizadeh A (2012) Nutrient digestibility and evaluation of protein and carbohydrate fractionation of citrus by-products. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 97:701–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01312.xMarín FR, Soler-Rivas C, Benavente-García O, Castillo J, Pérez-Alvarez JA (2007) By-products from different citrus processes as a source of customized functional fibres. Food Chem 100:736–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.040Moreno Alvarez MJ, Hernández JG, Rovero R, Tablante A, Rangel L (2000) Alimentación de tilapias con raciones parciales de cáscaras de naranja. Cienc Technol Aliment 3(1):29–33. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?ld=72430204Mourão JL, Pinheiro VM, Pratesm JAM, Bessa RJB, Ferreira LMA, Fontes CMGA, Ponte PIP (2008) Effect of dietary dehydrated pasture and citrus pulp on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 87:733–743. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00411Nogales-Mérida S, Tomás-Vidal A, Martínez-Llorens S, Jover Cerdá M (2010) Sunflower meal as a partial substitute in juvenile sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) diets: amino acid retention, gut and liver histology. Aquaculture 298:275–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.10.025Oluremi OIA, Okafor FN, Adenkola AY, Orayaga KT (2010) Effect of fermentation of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel on its phytonutrients and the performance of broiler starter. Int J Poult Sci 9(6):546–549Piquer Querol O (2006) Whole citrus fruits in sheep nutrition. Dissertation, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaPiquer O, Ródenas L, Casado C, Blas E, Pascual JJ (2009) Whole citrus fruits as an alternative to wheat grain or citrus pulp in sheep diet: effect on the evolution of ruminal parameters. Small Rumin Res 83:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.11.009Rodriguez APO, Gominho-Rosa MDC, Cargnin-Ferreira E, De Francisco A, Fracalossi DM (2012) Different utilization of plant sources by the omnivores jundiá catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquacult Nutr 18:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00877.xSaleh HM, El-Mor M (2015) Feeding habits of the sharp snout sea bream, Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti, 1777) (Teleostei: Sparidae) from Benghazi Coast, Eastern Libya. Int J Bioassays 4:3860–3865Shan Y (2017) Comprehensive utilization of citrus by-products. Academic Press, AmsterdamShimada T, Shindu M, Miyazawa M (2002) Species differences in the metabolism of (+)− and (−)− Limonenes and their metabolites, carveols and carvones, by cytochrome P450 enzymes in liver microsomes of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs monkeys, and humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokin 17(6):507–515Silva VK, Souza Morita V, Boleli IC (2013) Effect of pectin extracted from citrus pulp on digesta characteristics and nutrient digestibility in broilers chickens. R Bras Zootec 42(8):575–583. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982013000800007Spreen TH (2001) Projections of world production and consumption of citrus to 2010. In: China/FAO citrus symposium, Beijing, Popular Republic of China, 14–17 May 2001Wadhwa M, Bakshi MPS (2013) Fruit wastes as livestock feed. In: Makkar HPS(ed) Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products. In: RAP publication 2013/04 FAO, APHCA, pp 11-14Wang C, Gao GL, Huang JX, Zhang KS, Zhong H, Wang HW, Su J, Xie M, Wang QG (2017) Nutritive value of dry citrus pulp and its effect on performance in geese from 35 to 70 days of age. J Appl Poult Res 26:253–259. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfw069Watanabe PH, Thomaz MC, Martins MIEG, Ruiz US, Fraga AL, Santos VM, Pascoal LAF, Silva SZ (2009) Gross and partial net incomes and feeding cost of diets containing citrus pulp for pigs slaughtered with 130 kg of weight. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 61(1):203–210. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352009000100029Watanabe PH, Thomas MC, Ruiz US, Santos VM, Masson GCI, Fraga AL, Pascoal LAF, Robes-Huaynate RA, Silva SZ (2010) Carcass characteristics and meat quality of heavy swine fed different citrus pulp levels. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 62(4):921–929. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352010000400023Zang L, Shimada Y, Kawajiri J, Tanaka T, Nishimura N (2014) Effect of yuzu (Citrus junos Siebold ex Tanaka) peel on the diet-induced obesity in a zebrafish model. J Funct Foods 10:499–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.00

Long-Term Impact of Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Pollution and Degradation: A Case Study from Egypt

There is consensus on the impact of wastewater irrigation on soil properties and heavy metal accumulation. The studies that show the impact of temporal changes as a result of different long-term additions of wastewater on the heavy metal accumulation and degradation of soil are extremely limited. This study was carried out to assess heavy metal contamination in soils irrigated with wastewater for more than 30 years in Egypt. A total number of 12 irrigation water samples and 12 soil profiles were collected during 2020 and were chemically characterized. The results showed that soils irrigated with wastewater over the long term contained significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals compared to fields irrigated with fresh water. Heavy metal levels in water and soil samples were within the permissible limits, with the exception of Cd concentration in water (0.03 mg L−1). Continuous cultivation for a long period of time (30 years) using raw urban wastewater application has led to the adverse effect of increasingly available Pb concentration (5.44 mg kg−1). Similar temporal behavior was seen for Cd and Fe, which increased by 0.98 and 11.2 mg kg−1, respectively, after 30 years. The heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated soils significantly increased in clayey soils, as compared to sandy soils irrigated from the same source. Our findings provide important information for decision makers in Egypt and similar countries for the development of a strategy for the use of wastewater in irrigation for sustainable agricultural management

Spatio Prediction of Soil Capability Modeled with Modified RVFL Using Aptenodytes Forsteri Optimization and Digital Soil Assessment Technique

To meet the needs of Egypt’s rising population, more land must be cultivated. Land evaluation is vital to achieving sustainable agricultural production. To determine the soil capability in the northeast Nile Delta region of Egypt, the present study introduces a new form of integration between the Agriculture Land Evaluation System (ALES Arid) model and the machine learning (ML) approach. The soil capability indicators required for the ALES Arid model were determined for the 47 collected soil profiles covering the study area. These indicators include soil pH, soil salinity, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), the organic matter (OM) content, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content, the gypsum content, the clay percentage, and the slope. The ALES Arid model was run using these indicators, and soil capability indexes were obtained. Using GIS, these indexes helped to classify the study area into four capability classes, ranging from good to very poor soils. To predict the soil capability, three machine learning algorithms named traditional RVFL, sine cosine algorithm (SCA), and AFO were also applied to the same soil criteria. The developed ML method aims to enhance the prediction of soil capability. This method depends on improving the performance of Random Vector Functional Link (RVFL) using an optimization technique named Aptenodytes Forsteri Optimization (AFO). The operators of AFO were used to determine the best parameters of RVFL since traditional RVFL is sensitive to parameters. To assess the performance of the developed AFO-RVFL method, a set of real collected data was used. The experimental results illustrate the high efficacy of AFO-RVFL in the spatial prediction of soil capability. The correlations found in this study are critical for understanding the overall techniques for predicting soil capability

Spatio Prediction of Soil Capability Modeled with Modified RVFL Using Aptenodytes Forsteri Optimization and Digital Soil Assessment Technique

To meet the needs of Egypt’s rising population, more land must be cultivated. Land evaluation is vital to achieving sustainable agricultural production. To determine the soil capability in the northeast Nile Delta region of Egypt, the present study introduces a new form of integration between the Agriculture Land Evaluation System (ALES Arid) model and the machine learning (ML) approach. The soil capability indicators required for the ALES Arid model were determined for the 47 collected soil profiles covering the study area. These indicators include soil pH, soil salinity, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), the organic matter (OM) content, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content, the gypsum content, the clay percentage, and the slope. The ALES Arid model was run using these indicators, and soil capability indexes were obtained. Using GIS, these indexes helped to classify the study area into four capability classes, ranging from good to very poor soils. To predict the soil capability, three machine learning algorithms named traditional RVFL, sine cosine algorithm (SCA), and AFO were also applied to the same soil criteria. The developed ML method aims to enhance the prediction of soil capability. This method depends on improving the performance of Random Vector Functional Link (RVFL) using an optimization technique named Aptenodytes Forsteri Optimization (AFO). The operators of AFO were used to determine the best parameters of RVFL since traditional RVFL is sensitive to parameters. To assess the performance of the developed AFO-RVFL method, a set of real collected data was used. The experimental results illustrate the high efficacy of AFO-RVFL in the spatial prediction of soil capability. The correlations found in this study are critical for understanding the overall techniques for predicting soil capability

Quantitative Evaluation of Soil Quality Using Principal Component Analysis: The Case Study of El-Fayoum Depression Egypt

Soil quality assessment is the first step towards precision farming and agricultural management. In the present study, a multivariate analysis and geographical information system (GIS) were used to assess and map a soil quality index (SQI) in El-Fayoum depression in the Western Desert of Egypt. For this purpose, a total of 36 geo-referenced representative soil samples (0–0.6 m) were collected and analyzed according to standardized protocols. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dataset into new variables, to avoid multi-collinearity, and to determine relative weights (Wi) and soil indicators (Si), which were used to obtain the soil quality index (SQI). The zones of soil quality were determined using principal component scores and cluster analysis of soil properties. A soil quality index map was generated using a geostatistical approach based on ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation. The results show that the soil data can be classified into three clusters: Cluster I represents about 13.89% of soil samples, Cluster II represents about 16.6% of samples, and Cluster III represents the rest of the soil data (69.44% of samples). In addition, the simulation results of cluster analysis using the Monte Carlo method show satisfactory results for all clusters. The SQI results reveal that the study area is classified into three zones: very good, good, and fair soil quality. The areas categorized as very good and good quality occupy about 14.48% and 50.77% of the total surface investigated, and fair soil quality (mainly due to salinity and low soil nutrients) constitutes about 34.75%. As a whole, the results indicate that the joint use of PCA and GIS allows for an accurate and effective assessment of the SQI

Sharjah-Sat-3: A Low-Cost 6U CubeSat for Space Weather Applications

International audienc