Bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and minerals in flours prepared with tropical fruit peels

This study is aimed at performing the determination of bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and the identification of the minerals in the flours produced with the tropical fruit peels of mango, papaya, melon, and pineapple. The results showed that the papaya peel flour has the highest amount of ascorbic acid and lycopene when compared with the other studied flours. The mango peel flour has a high content of total extractable polyphenols and a high antioxidant activity. Regarding the mineral content, the by-product of melon stood out with 523.24±26.12 mg/100 g of potassium, 104.15±3.52 mg/100 g of calcium and 6.62±0.30 mg/100 g of iron. The flours prepared with mango, papaya, melon, and pineapple peels are potential sources of bioactive compounds and minerals, also presenting good antioxidant activity, being, therefore, recommended to be used in food products to improve the nutritional quality of the product

Lead Sources Of Human Exposure In Brazil [fontes De Exposição Humana Ao Chumbo No Brasil]

As result of increased environmental contamination, the interest on the accumulation of heavy metals in the human body and its harmful effects has increased. Some metals, such as lead, are non-essential elements and exert toxic effects on biological system. Despite the control measures established by law, acute and chronic intoxication by lead still happen in Brazil. Some sources of lead exposure are well known, such as industrial activities like mining and factories for batteries recycling. However, other sources, although common, are completely unknown by population. This article aims to present a review of past and current literature on the various lead sources of human exposure in Brazil.423301308Grandjean, P., Bach, E., Indirect exposures: The significance of bystanders at work and at home (1986) Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 47, pp. 819-824Paoliello, M.M., De Capitani, E.M., Occupational and environmental human lead exposure in Brazil (2007) Environ Res, 103, pp. 288-297Franco-Netto, G., Alonzo, H.G., Cancio, J., Jost, M., de Souza-Oliveira, S., Human health risk reduction due to lead exposure in Brazil (2003) Salud Pública Mex, 45 (SUPPL. 2), pp. S255-S258Brasil. Balanço mineral brasileiro. Chumbo. In: DNPM, editor: DNPM-MME, 2001Thornton, I., Culbard, E.B., Moorcroft, S., Watt, J.M., Wheatley, M., Thompson, M., Metals in urban dusts and soils (1985) Environ Technol, 6, pp. 137-144Toxicologic Profile for Lead - Update Statement (1999) Registry, p. 587. , ATSDR, USDoHHS-PHS-AfTSaD, editor. AtlantaQuitério, S.L., Silva, C.R.S., Vaitsman, D.S., Martinhon, P.T., Moreira, M.F.R., Araujo, U.C., Use of dust and air as indicators of environmental pollution in areas adjacent to a source of stationary lead emission (2001) Cad Saúde Publica, 17, pp. 501-508De Capitani, E.M., Ensweiler, J.M.S.A., Paoliello, M.M.B., (2009) Dados não publicadosMeyer, I., Heinrich, J., Trepka, M.J., Krause, C., Schulz, C., Meyer, E., The effect of lead in tap water on blood lead in children in a smelter town (1998) Sci Total Environ, 209, pp. 255-271Trepka, M.J., Heinrich, J., Krause, C., Schulz, C., Lippold, U., Meyer, E., The internal burden of lead among children in a smelter town - a small area analysis (1997) Environ Res, 72, pp. 118-130Lanphear, B.P., Matte, T.D., Rogers, J., Clickner, R.P., Dietz, B., Bornschein, R.L., The contribution of lead-contaminated house dust and residential soil to children's blood lead levels. A pooled analysis of 12 epidemiologic studies (1998) Environ Res, 79, pp. 51-68Lima, M., Pimentel, M., Brayner, F., Abreu, C., Lead released by handmade glazed ceramic food wares (2002) Rev Bras Toxicol, 15, pp. 19-23Paoliello, M.M., De Capitani, E.M., Environmental contamination and human exposure to lead in Brazil (2005) Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 184, pp. 59-96Romano, J., Godinho, R., Alonso, C., Martins, M., Ethanol induced changes in the atmospheric lead in São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil (1992) 9th Word Air Clean CongressFreitas, C.U., (2004) Vigilância de população exposta a chumbo no município de Bauru, São Paulo: Investigação de fatores de risco de exposição e avaliação da dinâmica institucional, , Universidade de São PauloPaoliello, M.M., De Capitani, E.M., da Cunha, F.G., Matsuo, T., Carvalho Mde, F., Sakuma, A., Exposure of children to lead and cadmium from a mining area of Brazil (2002) Environ Res, 88, pp. 120-128Silvany-Neto AM, Carvalho FM, Tavares TM, Guimaraes GC, Amorim CJ, Peres MF, et al. 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Universidade Estadual de CampinasMaio, F., Okada, I., Carvalho, M., Kira, C., Duran, M., Zenebon, O., Evaluation of the labelling, the minerals and inorganic contaminants in domestic and imported mineral water (2002) Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz, 61, pp. 227-232(1989) Assessing human health risks from chemically contaminated fish and shellfish: A guidance manual, , USEPA, Washington DCOkada, I.A., Sakuma, A.M., Maio, F.D., Dovidauskas, S., Zenebon, O., Evaluation of lead and cadmium levels in milk in environmental contamination in the Vale do Paraiba Region, southeastern Brazil] (1997) Rev Saude Publica, 31, pp. 140-143Machado, I., Maio, F., Kira, C., Carvalho, M., Pb, C., Hg, Cu and Zn in mangrove oyster Crassostrea brasiliana Cananéia estuary, São Paulo, Brazil (2002) Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz, 61, pp. 13-18Pereira, O., Henriques, M., Zenebon, O., Sakuma, A., Kira, C., (2002) Determination of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu and Zn levels in molluscus (Crassostrea brasiliana, Perna perna and Mytella falcate) Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz, 61, pp. 19-25Sakuma, A., Scorsafava, M., Zenebon, O., Tiglea, P., Fukumoto, C., Hortaliças comercializadas em São Paulo: Aspectos da contaminação por chumbo, cádmio e zinco. (1989) Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz, 49, pp. 81-84Garrido, N.S., Pregnolatto, N.P., Murata, L.T.F., Silva, M.R., Nunes, M.C.D., Antunes, J.L.F., Avaliação dos níveis de arsênio, chumbo e cádmio em corantes e pigmentos utilizados em embalagens para alimentos no período de 1982 a 1989. (1991) Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz, 51, pp. 63-68Garrido, N.S., Pregnolato, N.P., Murata, L.T.F., Silva, M.R., Nunes, M.C.D., Engler, V.M., Determinação de chumbo e cádmio em artigos escolares. (1990) Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz, 50, pp. 291-296Stewart, D.D., Notes on some obscure cases on poisoning by lead chromate manifested chiefly by encephalopathy (1887) Med News, pp. 676-681. , 1Glenn, W., Chrome yellow considered as a poison (1889) Science, 13, pp. 347-349Ajab, H., Yasmeen, S., Yaqub, A., Ajab, Z., Junaid, M., Siddique, M., Evaluation of trace metals in tobacco of local and imported cigarette brands used in Pakistan by spectrophotometer through microwave digestion (2008) J Toxicol Sci, 33, pp. 415-420Brasil, Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria Nacional de Assistência à Saúde. Instituto Nacional do Câncer. Coordenação Nacional de Controle de Tabagismo e Prevenção Primária de Câncer (Contapp). Falando sobre Tabagismo. Ministério da Saúde. Rio de Janeiro: 3 o ed. 1998Elevated blood lead levels among internationally adopted children - United States, 1998 (2000) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 49, pp. 97-100Kaul, B., Lead exposure and iron deficiency among Jammu and New Delhi children (1999) Indian J Pediatr, 66, pp. 27-35Gogte, S.T., Basu, N., Sinclair, S., Ghai, O.P., Bhide, N.K., Blood lead levels of children with pica and surma use (1991) Indian J Pediatr, 58, pp. 513-519Dunbabin, D.W., Tallis, G.A., Popplewell, P.Y., Lee, R.A., Lead poisoning from Indian herbal medicine (Ayurveda) (1992) Med J Aust, 157, pp. 835-836Hayes, E.B., The hazard of lead in children (1995) Environmental Medicine, pp. 383-397. , Brooks SM, editor, St Louis: MosbyAl-Ashban, R.M., Aslam, M., Shah, A.H., Kohl (surma): A toxic traditional eye cosmetic study in Saudi Arabia (2004) Public Health, 118, pp. 292-298Al-Saleh, I., Nester, M., DeVol, E., Shinwari, N., Al-Shahria, S., Determinants of blood lead levels in Saudi Arabian schoolgirls (1999) Int J Occup Environ Health, 5, pp. 107-114Busse, F., Omidi, L., Timper, K., Leichtle, A., Windgassen, M., Kluge, E., Lead poisoning due to adulterated marijuana (2008) N Engl J Med, 358, pp. 1641-164

Microfitoplâncton de águas costeiras amazônicas: Ilha Canela (Bragança, PA, Brasil) Microphytoplankton of Amazon coastal waters: Canela Island (Bragança, Pará State, Brazil)

Variações sazonal e nictemeral do microfitoplâncton foram estudadas em uma estação fixa (00º46'37,2''S-046º43'24,5''W), localizada em uma área costeira próxima à ilha Canela (Norte do Brasil), durante os meses de setembro e dezembro/2004 (período seco) e março e junho/2005 (período chuvoso). As amostras destinadas à análise qualitativa do fitoplâncton foram obtidas a partir da filtragem de 400 L de água, através de uma rede planctônica (65 &#956;m de abertura de malha), durante marés de sizígia, em intervalos regulares de três horas, por um período de 24 horas. O material coletado foi fixado com formol neutro a 4%. Paralelamente a essas coletas foi medida a salinidade da superfície da água. A salinidade apresentou variação significativa ao longo do período de estudo, variando entre 26,1 (junho/2005) e 39,0 (dezembro/2004), caracterizando o ambiente como eualino-polialino. Foram identificados 130 táxons incluídos nas divisões Cyanophyta (dois táxons), Bacillariophyta (115 táxons) e Dinophyta (13 táxons). As diatomáceas dominaram o microfitoplâncton da área, sendo Asterionellopsis glacialis, Dimeregramma minor, Skeletonema sp. e Thalassiosira subtilis os táxons mais freqüentes e abundantes. Os altos valores de salinidade condicionaram a maior representatividade das espécies marinhas neríticas, polialóbias. Os processos de ressuspensão provocados pelos ventos e arrebentação das ondas promoveram intercâmbios entre as populações planctônicas e ticoplanctônicas, dentre as quais as espécies Dimeregramma minor, Triceratium biquadratum e T. pentacrinus representaram novas ocorrências para as águas costeiras do litoral amazônico.<br>Seasonal and nyctemeral variations of the microphytoplankton were studied at a fixed station (00º46'37.2''S-046º43'24.5''W) on Canela Island (North Brazil) in September and December/2004 (dry season) and in March and June/2005 (rainy season). Samples for qualitative phytoplankton studies were obtained by filtering 400 L of surface water in the surf zone of the island through plankton nets (65 &#956;m mesh size). Field work was carried out during spring tides and samples were collected every 3 hours during a 24-hour period. The collected material was fixed in neutral formaldehyde at 4%. Simultaneously, salinity of the water surface was also measured. Salinity showed significant variation throughout the study period, ranging from 26.1 (June/2005) to 39.0 (December/2004), characterizing the environment as euhaline-polyhaline. A total of 130 taxa were identified, belonging to Cyanophyta (two taxa), Bacillariophyta (115 taxa) and Dinophyta (13 taxa). Diatoms were the dominant group of microphytoplankton at Canela Island. Asterionellopsis glacialis, Dimeregramma minor, Skeletonema sp. and Thalassiosira subtilis were the most frequent and abundant taxa. High salinities favored the occurrence of polyhalobous neritic marine species. Resuspension processes caused by wind and wave surf zone were responsible for exchange between planktonic and ticoplanktonic populations, including species such as Dimeregramma minor, Triceratium biquadratum and T. pentacrinus which represented new occurrences for the Amazon coast