Efeito de Fusarium graminearum schwabe na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja e cariopse de trigo na Argentina

F. graminearum is the main causal agent of Head blight in cereals in Argentina. This is a disease that develops during the host floral state. When the reproductive structures in the host are invaded, grains may be shriveled and reduced in weight, causing a decrease in yield. Physiological diagnostic techniques on seeds detect the damages produced by this fungus could be used to take decisions related to the quality of seed lots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible physiological damage caused by F. graminearum isolates in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis. Seeds and caryopsis were obtained from plants exposed to fungal infection and were evaluated under two situations: artificial inoculations under greenhouse conditions and natural infection from fields of Santa Fe Province (33°43'22''S; 62°14'46''W). Seed weight, topographical tetrazolium test, standard germination test, electrical conductivity test and X-ray test were performed in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis from each treatment. Differential behaviors of F. graminearum strains in susceptible soybean and wheat cultivars under greenhouse conditions revealed specific interactions among soybean and wheat genotypes with this fungus. F. graminearum infection in susceptible cultivars under greenhouse conditions produced a significant decrease in the physiological quality of soybean seed and wheat caryopsis. These behaviors were not detected under field conditions in the evaluated locations. All seed quality tests used in this experiment were useful to show differences in infection in soybean and wheat independently of F. graminearum infection.F. graminearum é o principal agente causal da giberela em cereais na Argentina. É uma doença que se desenvolve durante o estado floral de hospedeiro. Quando as estruturas reprodutivas no hospedeiro são colonizadas, os grãos podem ser enrugados e mostrar reduções de peso, causando diminuição no rendimento. Técnicas de diagnóstico fisiológico em sementes podem detectar os danos produzidos por este fungo e pode ser usada para tomar decisões sobre a qualidade dos lotes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis danos fisiológicos causados por F. graminearum em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo. As sementes e cariopses foram obtidas a partir de plantas expostas a infecção fúngica e foram avaliadas em duas situações: inoculação artificial em casa de vegetação e infecção natural em campos da Província de Santa Fé (33°43'22''S; 62°14'46''O). Determinou-se o peso da semente e realizou-se os testes de tetrazólio, germinação, condutividade elétrica e raios-X em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo para cada tratamento. Comportamentos diferenciais de cepas de F. graminearum em cultivares suscetíveis de soja e trigo sob condições de casa de vegetação revelou interações específicas entre cultivares de soja e trigo com este fungo. As interações produziram uma redução significativa na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja e cariopses trigo. Esses comportamentos não foram detectados em condições de campo nos locais avaliados. Todos os testes de qualidade das sementes utilizados neste experimento foram úteis para mostrar as diferenças de infecção em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo, independentemente da infecção por F. graminearum.Fil: Peruzzo, Alejandra María. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pioli, Rosanna Nora. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Salinas, A.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Mycotoxins in flours derived from wheat and soybean detected by the Elisa test

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de micotoxinas en las harinas derivadas de trigo y soja expuestos a la infección de Fusarium graminearum y detectadas por prueba de Elisa. La contaminación fue evaluada durante 2010 y 2012, en condiciones de invernadero, a través de inoculaciones artificiales, y en lotes de producción en campo, expuestos a infecciones naturales. Se utilizaron 26 muestras de harinas derivadas de cariopsis de trigo y semillas de soja. La detección de micotoxinas deoxinivalenol y zearalenona se realizó por kit de Elisa. En harinas de trigo de diversos ambientes, se detectaron ambas micotoxinas – deoxinivalenol y zearalenona –, mientras que en harinas de soja sólo se detectó zearalenona. Las concentraciones de esas micotoxinas observadas en las harinas no son admisibles para el consumo humano y animal. El kit de Elisa constituyó una herramienta biotecnológica efectiva para la detección de la contaminación predominante de zearalenona, producida por F. graminearum, en harinas de trigo y soja de diferentes ambientes semicontrolados y naturales.The objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of mycotoxins in flours derived from wheat caryopses and soybean seed exposed to Fusarium graminearum infection and detected by the Elisa test. Contamination was evaluated during 2010 and 2012, in greenhouse conditions, by artificial inoculation, and on field‑production batches exposed to natural infections. Twenty‑six samples of flours derived from wheat caryopses and soybean seeds were used. Detection of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone was performed by an Elisa kit. In wheat flour of different environments both mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol and zearalenone – were detected, while in soybean flour only zearalenone was detected. Mycotoxins concentrations observed in these flours are inappropriate for human and animal consumption. Elisa kit constituted an effective biotechnological tool for the detection of prevailing contamination by zearalenone, caused by F. graminearum in wheat and soybean flours of different, semicontrolled and natural environments.The objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of mycotoxins in flours derived from wheat caryopses and soybean seed exposed to Fusarium graminearum infection and detected by the Elisa test. Contamination was evaluated during 2010 and 2012, in greenhouse conditions, by artificial inoculation, and on field‑production batches exposed to natural infections. Twenty‑six samples of flours derived from wheat caryopses and soybean seeds were used. Detection of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone was performed by an Elisa kit. In wheat flour of different environments both mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol and zearalenone – were detected, while in soybean flour only zearalenone was detected. Mycotoxins concentrations observed in these flours are inappropriate for human and animal consumption. Elisa kit constituted an effective biotechnological tool for the detection of prevailing contamination by zearalenone, caused by F. graminearum in wheat and soybean flours of different, semicontrolled and natural environments

Líquenes como bioindicadores de calidad de aire en ambientes urbanos y rurales: Experiencias de transferencia 4º Convocatoria

Líquenes como bioindicadores de calidad de aire en ambientes urbanos y rurales: Experiencias de transferencia 4º ConvocatoriaFil: Pioli, Rosanna. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Validación del modelo de curvas de Conductividad Eléctrica en el tiempo en cultivares de soja y trigo

La integridad de la membrana, medida por la Conductividad Eléctrica (CE), se considera un indicador del vigor de muchas especies de semillas. El objetivo de este estudio se dividió en dos partes. La primera consistió en validar un modelo matemático empleado previamente en semillas de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) para evaluar curvas de CE en el tiempo y valorar así distintos materiales. La segunda radicó en determinar el método de operación del equipo para cariopsis de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). Se usaron 8 muestras de soja expuestas a distintos ambientes controlados de invernadero y de lotes de producción, que fueron cosechados tanto manual como mecánicamente entre 2010 y 2012 en la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. Además, se usaron 18 muestras de trigo expuestas también a condiciones ambientales controladas de invernadero y lotes de producción, provenientes del mismo período y la misma provincia. Todas las muestras se ajustaron a una humedad entre 10 y 14 % y se conservaron en bolsas de papel madera a 4 °C hasta su uso. Se midieron las curvas de CE para 100 semillas y cariopsis individuales de cada muestra durante 20 horas de inmersión a intervalos de 3 minutos, usando el analizador automático de semillas SAD 9000S. El comportamiento de todas las muestras de semillas de soja se ajustó favorablemente al modelo previamente propuesto. Además, las muestras de cariopsis presentaron curvas de acumulación de electrolitos lixiviados en el tiempo que se ajustaron de manera propicia a las condiciones sugeridas para el caso de soja. El método de evaluación del vigor a través de la medición de la CE individual permitió validar el modelo matemático de las curvas de CE en semillas de distintos cultivares de soja y de cariopsis de trigo. Este método fue eficiente además, para identificar muestras que presenten diferencias de potencialidad de emergencia a campo.The membrane integrity, measured as electrical conductivity (EC), is considered an indicator of the strength of many species of seeds. The objective of this study was divided into two parts. The first one was to validate a mathematical model previously employed in soybean seeds to evaluate EC curves in time and thus assess different materials. The second consisted in determining the equipment operation method in wheat cariopsis of 8 samples of soybean, all of them exposed to greenhouse and field environments, and both manually and mechanically harvested in 2010 and 2012 in Santa Fe province, Argentina. Additionally, 18 samples of wheat also exposed to different greenhouse and environmental conditions from the same province were used. All samples were adjusted to a humidity between 10 and 14% and stored in paper bags at 4°C until use. CE curves for 100 individual seeds and caryopses of each sample were measured for 20 hours immersion in 3 minute intervals using automatic seed analyzer SAD 9000S. The behaviour of all soybean samples favourably adjusted to the model previously proposed. In addition, caryopses samples showed time accumulation electrolytes leaching curves that adjusted the suggested conditions for the case of soybean. The vigour evaluation method through measurement of individual EC allowed to validate the mathematical model of EC curves in seeds from different soybean and wheat cultivars. The method was also efficient to identify samples with differences in potential emergency in the field.Fil: Peruzzo, Alejandra María. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pioli, R.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Salinas, A.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

EFFECT OF Fusarium graminearum Schwabe ON PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SOYBEAN SEEDS AND WHEAT CARYOPSIS IN ARGENTINA

F. graminearum is the main causal agent of Head blight in cereals in Argentina. This is a disease that develops during the host floral state. When the reproductive structures in the host are invaded, grains may be shriveled and reduced in weight, causing a decrease in yield. Physiological diagnostic techniques on seeds detect the damages produced by this fungus could be used to take decisions related to the quality of seed lots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible physiological damage caused by F. graminearum isolates in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis. Seeds and caryopsis were obtained from plants exposed to fungal infection and were evaluated under two situations: artificial inoculations under greenhouse conditions and natural infection from fields of Santa Fe Province (33°43’22’’S; 62°14’46’’W). Seed weight, topographical tetrazolium test, standard germination test, electrical conductivity test and X-ray test were performed in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis from each treatment. Differential behaviors of F. graminearum strains in susceptible soybean and wheat cultivars under greenhouse conditions revealed specific interactions among soybean and wheat genotypes with this fungus. F. graminearum infection in susceptible cultivars under greenhouse conditions produced a significant decrease in the physiological quality of soybean seed and wheat caryopsis. These behaviors were not detected under field conditions in the evaluated locations. All seed quality tests used in this experiment were useful to show differences in infection in soybean and wheat independently of F. graminearum infecti

Identificação e herança do primeiro gene (Rdc1) de resistência ao cancro da haste da soja (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora)

Soybean stem canker (SSC) is caused by two varieties of the fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum: var. meridionalis (Dpm) and var. caulivora (Dpc). The objective was to identify and characterize the mode of inheritance of Rdc genes through a classical Mendelian analysis. Resistant (R) and susceptible (S) genotypes were used to make 288 RxS and 132 RxR crosses, including their reciprocals. Segregating F2 generations were obtained by self-fertilization of the respective F1. The incorporation of codominant molecular markers (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP) allowed the molecular validation of 48.75% of F1 heterozygous individuals. Parents (R and S), F1 individuals, and F2:3 families (Progeny Test, PT) from COD 1–258-2 population were inoculated with an isolate of Dpc (Dpc16), previously identified morphologically and molecularly. The assay showed 21 F2:3 families categorized as R, 42 segregated R and S, and 11 as S. Particularly, this F3 population showed 466 individuals R and 274 S. The chi-square goodness of fit test verified that phenotypic segregation for individual plants in F3 adjusted to a 5:3 ratio (R:S) and the PT results corresponded to the genotypic ratios (1RR: 2Rr: 1rr) of F2 individuals. Results allowed the identification of a major resistance gene of simple Mendelian inheritance to SSC that was named Rdc1. Also, independent segregation 9:3:3:1 was verified between this Rdc1 gene and the gene that regulates flower colour, a typical phenotypic marker in soybean. Based on literature review, this is the first report on resistance genes (Rdc) identified for SSC caused by Dpc.O cancro da haste da soja (CHS) é causado por duas variedades do fungo Diaporthe phaseolorum: var. meridionalis (Dpm) e var. caulivora (Dpc). O objetivo foi identificar e caracterizar o modo de herança dos genes Rdc por meio de uma análise Mendeliana clássica. Genótipos resistentes (R) e suscetíveis (S) foram usados para fazer 288 cruzamentos RxS e 132 RxR, incluindo seus recíprocos. As gerações F2 segregadas foram obtidas por autofecundação do respectivo F1 . A incorporação de marcadores moleculares codominantes (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP) permitiu a validação molecular de 48,75% dos indivíduos heterozigotos F1 . Pais (R e S), indivíduos F1 e famílias F2:3 (Teste de Progênie, TP) da população COD 1-258-2 foram inoculados com um isolado de Dpc (Dpc16), previamente identificado morfologicamente e molecularmente. O ensaio mostrou 21 famílias F2:3 categorizadas como R, 42 segregadas R e S e 11 como S. Particularmente, esta população F3 mostrou 466 indivíduos R e 274 S. O teste de qualidade de ajuste do qui-quadrado verificou que a segregação fenotípica para o indivíduo plantas em F3 ajustadas a uma proporção de 5:3 (R:S) e os resultados de TP corresponderam às razões genotípicas (1RR: 2Rr: 1rr) de indivíduos F2. Os resultados permitiram a identificação de um importante gene de resistência de herança simples de Mendel ao CHS, denominado Rdc1. Além disso, foi verificada segregação 9:3:3:1 independente entre este gene Rdc1 e o gene que regula a cor das flores, um marcador fenotípico típico da soja. Com base na revisão da literatura, este é o primeiro relato sobre genes de resistência (Rdc) identificados para CHS causada por Dpc.Fil: Peruzzo, Alejandra María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Pioli, Rosanna Nora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Hernández, Facundo Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Ploper, Leonardo Daniel. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino. Provincia de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial "Obispo Colombres" (p). Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Pratta, Guillermo Raúl. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentin

Identification and inheritance of an Rdc gene resistance to soybean stem canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora)

Soybean stem canker (SSC) is caused by two varieties of the fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum: var. meridionalis (Dpm) and var. caulivora (Dpc). The objective was to identify and characterize the mode of inheritance of Rdc genes through a classical Mendelian analysis. Resistant (R) and susceptible (S) genotypes were used to make 288 RxS and 132 RxR crosses, including their reciprocals. Segregating F2 generations were obtained by self-fertilization of the respective F1. The incorporation of codominant molecular markers (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP) allowed the molecular validation of 48.75% of F1 heterozygous individuals. Parents (R and S), F1 individuals, and F2:3 families (Progeny Test, PT) from COD 1–258-2 population were inoculated with an isolate of Dpc (Dpc16), previously identified morphologically and molecularly. The assay showed 21 F2:3 families categorized as R, 42 segregated R and S, and 11 as S. Particularly, this F3 population showed 466 individuals R and 274 S. The chi-square goodness of fit test verified that phenotypic segregation for individual plants in F3 adjusted to a 5:3 ratio (R:S) and the PT results corresponded to the genotypic ratios (1RR: 2Rr: 1rr) of F2 individuals. Results allowed the identification of a major resistance gene of simple Mendelian inheritance to SSC that was named Rdc1. Also, independent segregation 9:3:3:1 was verified between this Rdc1 gene and the gene that regulates flower colour, a typical phenotypic marker in soybean. Based on literature review, this is the first report on resistance genes (Rdc) identified for SSC caused by Dpc.Fil: Peruzzo, Alejandra María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Hernández, Facundo Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Pratta, Guillermo Raúl. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Ploper, Leonardo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Pioli, Rosanna Nora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentin

Impact of <i>IKZF1</i> Deletions in the Prognosis of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Argentina

An association of deletions in the IKZF1 gene (IKZF1del) with poor prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been demonstrated. Additional deletions in other genes (IKZF1plus) define different IKZF1del subsets. We analyzed the influence of IKZF1del and/or IKZF1plus in the survival of children with ALL. From October 2009 to July 2021, 1055 bone marrow samples from patients with ALL were processed by Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Of them, 28 patients died during induction and 4 were lost-in-follow-up, resulting in an eligible 1023 cases. All patients were treated according to ALLIC-BFM-2009-protocol. Patients were classified into three subsets: IKZF1not-deleted (IKZFF1not-del), IKZF1deleted (IKZF1del) and IKZF1del plus deletion of PAX5, CDKN2A, CDKN2B and/or alterations in CRLF2 with ERG-not-deleted (IKZF1plus). The LFSp and SE were calculated with the Kaplan–Meier calculation and compared with a log-rank test. From the 1023 eligible patients, 835 (81.6%) were defined as IKZF1not-del, 94 (9.2%) as IKZF1del and 94 (9.2%) as IKZF1plus. Of them, 100 (9.8%) corresponded to Standard-Risk (SRG), 629 (61.5%) to Intermediate-Risk (IRG) and 294 (28.7%) to High-Risk (HRG) groups. LFSp(SE) was 7 5(2)% for IKZF1not-del, 51 (6)% for IKZF1del and 48 (6)% for IKZF1plus (p-value p-value = ns); in IRG, 77 (2)% IKZF1not-del, 61 (10)% IKZF1del and 54 (7)% IKZF1plus (p-value = 0.0005) and in HRG, 61 (4)% IKZF1not-del, 38 (8)% IKZF1del and 35 (9)% IKZF1plus (p-value = 0.0102). The IKZF1 status defines a population of patients with a poor outcome, mainly in IRG. No differences were observed between IKZF1del versus IKZF1plus. MLPA studies should be incorporated into the risk-group stratification of pediatric ALL