Language and the Culture of Gender: Constructing Women Identities in Pakistani Society

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SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} The present study sets out to investigate gender as performative construct and its importance for feminists in general and especially for women in Pakistani society. Different ways of conceptualizing gender-difference along with various social, cultural and psychological dimensions have been explored. The study looks into the factors in which discursive language practices in various dimensions work to construct women identities. Subsequent parts of the study examine different reasons and mechanisms that can account for dichotomous speech patterns and asymmetries which exist between participants in social discourse. Moreover, the two-way function of language has been focused as on the one hand language reflects the social identity of women performed through the language itself, and the realities about the social position of women in Pakistan on the other.</p

Feminism, Language Choice and Discourse Practice: A Pakistani Perspective

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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} The present study focuses on investigating the nature of linguistic choices made by Pakistani women in interpersonal discourse in the background of feminism. The relationship between attitudes, social backdrop and language was explored. It was hypothesized that the exploitation of linguistic choices in the spoken discourse  would correspond the explanations provided by Dominance approach about the difference in language use between men and women. For the purpose of the present study, we observed and analyzed thirteen groups of subjects (women), varied in number of subjects. All the participants were students of university level, approximately aged between18 to 25. Data were obtained by recording the conversation. The participants did not belong to any particular social class.The topics of their conversation were various, and ranged from personal and general to quite universal and emotional. Results indicate that the extensive uses of linguistic choices, significantly, support the feminist view of language use, and that there are certain distinctive features that characterize women language. For instance, there is a considerable correlation between the power structures in society and language use.</p

Future Time Orientation and Moral Self-image: An Analysis of Adolescents in Private and Government Schools in Punjab Pakistan

The purpose of the present research was to investigate future time orientation and moral self-image in the adolescents of government and private schools. A sample of 300 adolescents was studied from the government and private schools of Kharian, Pakistan by using simple random sampling technique. The construct of future time orientation was measured by using Time Orientation Scale (Zimbardo &amp; Boyd 1999) whereas moral self-image was measured by using Moral Self Image Scale (Jordan, Leliveld, &amp; Tenbrunsel, 2015). The data was analyzed by using simple regression and independent sample t-test. The results revealed that future time orientation was the significant predictor of moral-self-image [R²=.168; F (1, 298) = 60.103, p&lt;.01]. Further, there was difference in the future time orientation of adolescents of government and private school (t (298) = 3.40, p&lt;.05) and difference in moral self-image was not significant (t (298) = 1.02, p&gt;.05). Whereas on gender there was a non-significant difference persist in the future time orientation (t (298) = .62, p&gt;.05) and significant difference identified on moral self-image (t (298) = -2.1, p&lt;.05). It was explored that future time orientation was the significant predicator of the moral self-image. Moreover, there was difference in the future time orientation of government and private school adolescents and no difference on the moral self-image. Moreover, no gender difference was established on future time orientation and a gender difference existed on the moral self-image

Peripheral Neuropathy in Newly Diagnosed Cases of Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: Diabetes mellitus linked to severe macrovascular and the microvescular complications. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the challenging complication of the diabetes mellitus, which is linked to the morbidity, mortality, and big economic burden. We determined the frequency of peripheral neuropathy in newly diagnosed cases of type II diabetes mellitus.Materials &amp; Methods: The current descriptive Cross Sectional study took place in Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, From June 2014 to January 2015. All the patients, those were newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, aged 30-60 years and both genders were included. Detailed history regarding diabetes was taken. Patients underwent for the evaluation of peripheral neuropathy by taking physical examination, previous history and vibration perception test. All the data was recorded in the Proforma.Results: Total 150 cases were studied, out of them, 42.67% were aged 30-45 years while 57.33% were in the age range of 46-60 years and their overall mean age was 46.35 ± 9.52 years. Males were 54.0% and females were 46.0%. Frequency of peripheral neuropathy for newly diagnosed type II diabetic subjects was noted 20.67%, with insignificant association of age and gender.Conclusion: It was concluded that the peripheral neuropathy was 20.67% among patients newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus

The Validity Of 75gms OGTT For Detection Of GDM Keeping 100gms OGTT As Gold Standard

Objective: To determine the validity of 75gms (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) OGTT for the detection of GDM keeping 100gms OGTT as the gold standard. Methodology: This was a Cross-sectional validation study done at the Mother and Child Health Centre, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. The duration of the study was Six months from the approval of the synopsis. Data was collected from  March 2019 to September 2019. Informed consent for participating in the study was taken from all 205 patients. The patients' bio data along with the hospital registration number was entered pro forma. The patients were assessed initially by History taking and examination. All pregnant women underwent a 75g oral glucose test in the 2nd trimester at 24-28 weeks of gestation. For this, the patients were sent to the MCH laboratory with overnight fasting where FBS was taken and they were given a 75 g glucose drink. Their blood sample was taken at 1-hour and 2-hour interval. Two or more elevated values out of the 3 blood samples were sufficient to diagnose GDM. Laboratory reports were reviewed and data was entered in the performa (attached) by the researcher. All the diagnosed patients were further evaluated for a 100g OGTT dose at the MCH laboratory with overnight fasting. Their FBS was studied and women were given a 100 g glucose drink and blood samples were drawn at an interval of 1, 2 and 3 hours respectively. Out of the 4 blood samples, two or more elevated values were sufficient to diagnose GDM. Lab reports were entered in the Performa. Results: From a total of 205 patients, the sensitivity and specificity of OGTT-75 g for diagnosing GDM were 83.02% and 82.83%. However, positive predictive and negative predictive value for OGTT-75 g was 83.81% and 82% respectively. However, the overall diagnostic accuracy of OGTT-75 g was 82.93%. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that 75 gms OGTT is highly sensitive (83.02%) and specific (82.83%) for the detection/diagnosis of gestational DM. Advanced screening and diagnosis of gestational DM, and its effective treatment not only inhibit adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes but also save the lives of both child and mother from diabetes in future

ENHANCING CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION WORKERS IN DISTRICT RAHIM YAR KHAN, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Abstract In recent years, the intricate relationship between climate change and its profound impact on agricultural productivity has garnered increasing attention, particularly concerning the pivotal role played by agricultural extension workers. This study delves into climate change mitigation strategies within the realm of agriculture, with a specific focus on the instrumental contributions of agricultural extension workers. Climate change presents a multifaceted challenge to global agricultural systems, exerting significant influences on productivity, crop yields, and food production. Amid these challenges, agricultural extension workers emerge as central figures bridging the chasm between technical knowledge and practical adaptation methods for farmers. This qualitative investigation draws upon a synthesis of existing research and incorporates insights from key informant interviews. By shedding light on the intricate interplay between climate change, agricultural productivity, and the pivotal function of agricultural extension workers, this research aspires to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic relationships between these variables. By facilitating the adoption of climate-resilient techniques, such as cultivating drought-resistant crop varieties, implementing water-efficient irrigation methods, and promoting agroforestry, extension workers empower farmers to mitigate the severe impacts of climate change. Furthermore, extension workers play a pivotal role in bolstering farmers' adaptive capabilities and equipping them with essential skills to navigate increasingly volatile climatic conditions. Studies underscore that farmers who receive training from extension workers report heightened confidence in successfully implementing climate-adaptive strategies

Strategies to improve coverage of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) immunization campaign in Karachi, Pakistan

The emergence and spread of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid in Karachi, Pakistan led to an outbreak response in Lyari Town, Karachi utilizing a mass immunization campaign with typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Typbar TCV®. The mass immunization campaign, targeted Lyari Town, Karachi, one of the worst affected towns during the XDR typhoid outbreak. Here we describe the strategies used to improve acceptance and coverage of Typbar TCV in Lyari Town, Karachi. The mass immunization campaign with Typbar TCV was started as a school- and hospital-based vaccination campaign targeting children between the age of 6 months to 15 years old. A dose of 0.5 mL Typbar TCV was administered intramuscularly. A mobile vaccination campaign was added to cope with high absenteeism and non-response from parents in schools and to cover children out of school. Different strategies were found to be effective in increasing the vaccination coverage and in tackling vaccine hesitancy. Community engagement was the most successful strategy to overcome refusals and helped to gain trust in the newly introduced vaccine. Community announcements and playing typhoid jingles helped to increase awareness regarding the ongoing typhoid outbreak. Mop-up activity in schools was helpful in increasing coverage. Networking with locally active groups, clubs and community workers were found to be the key factors in decreasing refusals

Enhancing Grid-Connected Microgrid Power Dispatch Efficiency through Bio-Inspired Optimization Algorithms

This work tackles the scheduling challenge of microgrids for smart homes, aiming to optimize energy management with both renewable and non-renewable sources. A power control center orchestrates the microgrid, coordinating distributed energy resources (DERs) for peak demand fulfillment and excess energy utilization. We propose a proportional-integral control system for efficient demand response, achieving reduced post-scheduling costs and a peak-to-average ratio. Comparative analysis reveals Ant Colony Optimization outperforms Binary Particle Swarm Optimization in cost and peak-to-average ratio reduction. Simulations explore two scenarios: Case 1 integrates with the main grid for reliability, while Case 2 utilizes solely renewable energy sources. Although Case 2 exhibits superior performance, Case 1’s dependence on the main grid offers greater real-world feasibility. Therefore, Case 1 with optimized DER scheduling emerges as the recommended solution for enhancing microgrid efficiency and ensuring reliable power supply in smart homes

Beyond survival: unraveling the adaptive mechanisms of cucurbit weeds to salt and heavy metal stress through biochemical and physiological analyses

Abstract Salt stress and heavy metal are instigating hazard to crops, menace to agricultural practices. Single and combined stresses affecting adversely to the growth and metabolism of plants. To explore salt and heavy metal resistant plant lines as phytoremediants is a need of time. Physiological responses are main adaptive responses of the plants towards stresses. This response varies with species and ecotype as well as type and level of stress. Two cucurbit weeds from two ecotypes were selected to evaluate their physiological adaptations against independent and combined stresses of various levels of salt (NaCl) and heavy metal (NiCl2). Various physiological parameters like water potential, osmotic potential, pressure potential, CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and production of adaptive chemicals like SOD, CAT, proteins, sugars and proline were studied. Citrullus colocynthis showed more adaptive response than Cucumis melo agrestis and desert ecotype was more successful than agricultural ecotype against stresses