High-risk pregnancies and case management in mare

At hekimliğinde riskli gebeliklerin tanı ve sağaltımına yönelik klinik uygulamalar veteriner perinatoloji alanındaki ilk araştırmalar olarak literatürdeki yerini almıştır. Buna paralel olarak, son yıllarda gebe kısrakların ve doğacak yavruların sağlık durumlarının izlemi ve sorunsuz doğumların gerçekleştirilmesi için yapılan yeni çalışmaların sayısı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu derlemede araştırmacılar ve klinisyenlerin karşısına çıkabilecek, kısraklardaki maternal, plasental ve fetal kaynaklı riskli gebelikler ve olguların yönetimi güncel literatür bilgilerin ışığı altında sistematik bir şekilde sunulmuştur.The first research focusing on clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of high-risk pregnancy in equine medicine has taken its place in the literature of veterinary perinatology. However, the number of new researches that are performed to monitor health status of pregnant mare and new born has recently increased. In this review, management of high-risk pregnancies related to maternal, placental and fetal origins which might be faced to both researchers and clinicians were presented in a systematic manner in the light of current literature

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF FETO-PLACENTAL TISSUES AT DIFFERENT INTRAUTERINE LOCATIONS IN RABBIT

TAVŞANLARDA FARKLI İNTRAUTERİN BÖLGELERDEKİ FETO-PLASENTAL DOKULARIN ULTRASONOGRAFİK MUAYENELER İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Akkuş T. Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doğum ve Jinekoloji (Veteriner) Programı Doktora Tezi, Aydın, 2018. Sunulan doktora tez çalışmasında sağlıklı gebe tavşanlarda gebeliğin 16-24. günleri arası kranial ve kaudal uçtaki fetüslere ait fetometrik ölçümler, obstetrik Doppler indeksleri ve plasental görüntü analiz sonuçlarının gebelik yaşı ve fetal lokasyona bağlı değişimi incelendi. Çalışma 22 adet sağlıklı Yeni Zelanda ırkı dişi tavşanda yürütüldü. Fertilitesi önceden bilinen erkek tavşanlarla çiftleştirilen dişiler postkoital 9-11. günler arasında gebelik tanısı amacıyla transabdominal ultrasonografik (USG) muayeneye alındı. Tanı sonrasında, gebe tavşanlarda 16-24. günleri arasında 5 kez B-mod ve Doppler USG yapıldı. Tüm muayeneler sol karın boşluğu üzerinde görüntülenen fetüsler üzerinden gerçekleştirildi. Çalışmada birinci çalışma grubunu her bir gebelikteki en kranial uçta bulunan fetüs (n=22) oluştururken, ikinci grup ise en kaudaldeki fetüslerden (n=22) oluşmuştur. Buna göre, çalışma gruplarına ait her bir fetüsten baş çapı (BPD) ve gövde çapı (TD) değerleri ve plasental görüntü analizi ile ortalama grilik değerleri (MGV) belirlendi. Doppler USG ile de uterin arter (UtA) ve umbilikal arter (UmA)’e ait pulsatil (PI) ve rezistans (RI) indeksleri kaydedildi. Çalışma sonucunda BPD ile TD değerleri kranial ve kaudal fetüsların gebelik yaşına bağlı olarak arttığı görüldü (P0,05). Ancak kaudal uçtaki fetüslerin MGV değerlerinin 16. gün dışında daha yüksek olduğu görüldü (P<0,05). Uterin arter PI ve RI değerlerinin her iki grup içinde gebelik yaşına ilişkin belirgin bir değişim göstermedi. Kaudal fetüslere ait UtA PI değeri 18. gün dışında daha yüksekti (P<0,01). Yine kaudal fetüslerin UtA RI değeri kranial fetüslere göre 16 ve 24. gün ölçümlerinde daha yüksek olduğu görüldü (P<0,05). Umbilikal arter PI değeri her iki grupta da 20. güne kadar artış göstermiş, ardından belirgin şekilde düşmüştür (P<0,001). Yine kaudal fetüslerin UmA PI değeri 16. günde yüksek iken (P<0,05); bu durum diğer ölçümlerde daha belirgindi (P<0,001). Umbilikal arter RI değeri ise her iki grupta da gebelik yaşına bağlı olarak azalmış olup (P<0,001); kaudal uçtaki fetüslerde 20. günde daha yüksekti (P<0,05). Tüm fetüsler için 20. günden itibaren bifazik akım traseleri izlenmeye başlandı. Buna göre, her iki lokasyondaki fetüs grubunda somatik artış hızı ikinci trimesterin sonunda maksimum düzeye eriştiği, kaudal uçtaki fetüslerin yüksek fetometrik değerlere sahip olduğu ve bu lokasyon farklılığının plasentanın ekotekstürü üzerinden de etkili olduğu görüldü. Kaudal fetüslere ait her iki damarda da pulsatilite ve rezistans değerlerinin daha yüksek seyrettiği izlendi. Tavşan fetüslerinde gebeliğin 20. gününün UmA Doppler değerleri açısından kritik bir zaman dilimi olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, Yeni Zelanda ırkı sağlıklı gebe tavşanlarda farklı uterin lokasyondaki fetüslerin, gelişim ve metabolik durumlarında değişiklikler bulunduğu ve bu durumun B-mod ve Doppler USG ile tespit edilebildiği görüldü. Ek olarak, bilgisayar destekli görüntü analizlerinin fetal izlem için alternatif bir yöntem olarak değerlendirilebileceği düşünüldü. Söz konusu bu farklılıkların doğum sürecini başlatma noktasında etkili olup olmadığı gelecekte yeni bir araştırma konusu olarak düşünülebilir. Elde edilen gelişim eğrileri ve hemodinamik verilere dayanarak intrauterin yaşam hakkında daha kapsamlı çalışmaların yapılması mümkün olacaktır.ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF FETO-PLACENTAL TISSUES AT DIFFERENT INTRAUTERINE LOCATIONS IN RABBIT Akkus T. Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Veterinary) PhD Thesis, Aydin, 2018. In the presented PhD dissertation study, it was investigated the changes of fetometric measurements, obstetric Doppler indices and placental image analysis results based on gestational age and fetal location in fetuses located in cranial and caudally between 16-24th days of gestation in healthy pregnant rabbits. The study was conducted on 22 healthy female New Zealand rabbits. The females mated with male rabbits proven to be fertile, were examined with transabdominal USG for pregnancy diagnosis between 9-11th days postcoital. After diagnosis, B-mode and Doppler USG examinations were performed 5 times between 16-24th days of gestation on the pregnant rabbits. All examinations were performed on fetuses visualized in the left abdominal cavity. In this study, the first study group consisted of fetuses positioned at the most cranial end (n=22) and the second group consisted of the fetuses positioned at the most caudally (n=22), in each pregnancy. Biparietal head diameter (BPD), trunk diameter (TD) values were measured, and the mean greyness values (MGV) were determined by using of the placental image analysis from each fetuses in study groups. By using Doppler USG, pulsatile (PI) and resistance (RI) indices of the uterine artery (UtA) and umbilical artery (UmA) were recorded. As the end of study, BPD and TD values of cranial and caudal fetuses increased by the gestational age (P0.05). However, MGV values of the caudal fetuses were found to be higher (except the 16th day) (P<0.05). The UtA PI and RI values did not show any significant changes according to gestational age in both study groups. The UtA PI value of the caudal fetuses was higher (except the 18th day) (P<0.01). Also, it was observed that the UtA RI values of caudal fetuses is higher than cranial ones at the 16 and 24th days (P<0.05). The PI of the UmA increased until the 20th day and then decreased significantly in both study groups (P<0.001). The UmA PI value of caudal fetuses was higher at 16th day (P<0.05), meanwhile this situation was more significant in other examinations (P<0.001). The UmA RI value decreased according to the gestational age in both groups (P<0.001); It was higher in the caudal fetuses at 20th day (P<0.05). For all fetuses, it was started to see the biphasic current traces from the day of 20. Accordingly, the somatic rate of the all fetuses reached the peak level at the end of the second trimester, the caudal fetuses had higher fetometric values, and also this location difference has effect on the placental echotexture. In both vessels of caudal fetuses, pulsatility and resistance values were observed to be higher. In the rabbit fetuses, it was determined that the 20th day of pregnancy was a threshold stage for the Doppler exam results. In conclusion, there are some changes in the growth and metabolic status of fetuses located in different uterin locations in healthy pregnant New Zealand rabbits; also these situations can be detected by using B-mode and Doppler USG. In addition, computer-assisted image analysis could be considered as an alternative method for fetal monitoring. The fact that of the these differences are effective at the initiative factor at parturition can be considered as a new research topic in future. Based on the these growth curves and hemodynamic data, the more comprehensive studies about the intrauterine life may be possible.İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL ONAY…………………………………………………………………………. i TEŞEKKÜR…………………………………………………………………………....... ii İÇİNDEKİLER…………………………………………………………………………... iii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ……………………………………………... iv ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ……………………………………………………………………… v RESİMLER DİZİNİ……………………………………………………………………... ix TABLOLAR DİZİNİ……………………………………………………………………. x ÖZET……………………………………………………………………………………... xi ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………… xiii 1. GİRİŞ………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 2. GENEL BİLGİLER…………………………………………………………………… 2 2.1. Tavşanların Reprodüktif Özellikleri………………………………………………… 2 2.2. Ultrasonografi………………………………………………………………............... 4 2.2.1. Diagnostik Ultrasonografinin Gelişimi……………………………………………. 4 2.2.2. A, B ve M-mod Ultrasonografi……………………………………………………. 4 2.2.3. Doppler Ultrasonografi…………………………………………………………….. 6 2.3. Gebelik İzleminde Ultrasonografik Muayenelerin Değerlendirilmesi………………. 9 2.3.1. B-Mod Ultrasonografik İncelemeler ve Fetometri……………………………….... 9 2.3.2. Ultrasonografik Görüntünün Bilgisayar Analizi ve Plasentanın Değerlendirilmesi. 13 2.3.3. Doppler Ultrasonografik İncelemeler……………………………………………… 16 2.3.3.1. Uterin arter kan akımı………………………………………………………......... 17 2.3.3.2. Umbilikal arter kan akımı……………………………………………………....... 20 2.4. Çoğul Gebeliklerde İzlem…………………………………………………………… 24 3. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM………………………………………………………………... 27 3.1. Hayvan Materyali……………………………………………………………………. 27 3.2. Ultrasonografik Muayeneler……….………………………………………………… 29 3.2.1 B-Mod ile Somatik Gelişimin İzlenmesi ve Plasental Ekotekstür Ölçümleri……… 29 3.2.2. Uterin ve Umbilikal Arter Doppler USG Ölçümleri………………………………. 31 3.3. İstatistiksel Analizler………………………………………………………………… 32 4. BULGULAR…………………………………………………………………………... 33 4.1. Gebelik ve Doğum…………………………………………………………………... 33 4.2. Fetometrik Ölçüm Sonuçları..……………………………………………………….. 34 4.3. Plasental Ortalama Grilik Değeri Bulguları…….………………………………........ 48 4.4. Uterin Arter Doppler Bulguları……………………………………………………… 55 4.5. Umbilikal Arter Doppler Bulguları………………………………………………….. 63 5. TARTIŞMA…………………………………………………………………………… 73 6. SONUÇLAR VE ÖNERİLER………………………………………………………… 83 KAYNAKLAR…………………………………………………………………………… 84 ÖZGEÇMİŞ………………………………………………………………………………. 10

An unusual outcome for fetal death in bitch: a report of a case

n this report, an unusual condition of fetal maceration conveyed with retentionof fetal debris was diagnosed 5-months after breeding in a houndbitch. A five-year-old, 13 kg weighted bitch was brought to Adnan Menderes University Animal Hospital with complaints of loss of appetite and abdominal distention, five months after breeding. Although presenting a distended abdomen and mammary glands, no signs of parturition have been reported. At surgery, a reddish free intra-abdominal fluid was suctioned, and hysterectomy was performed; ovaries were not excised to avoid any compromise of hunting performance. Fur and bone remnants floating in a brown-green, mucous and odorless fluid were detected at inspection of the uterus. In this case, the evaluation of the uterus showed that all the fetuses underwent macerationand autolysis at least 3 months after the pregnancy putative. Although it was seen that compatible with chronic uterine inflammation findings (leukocytosis and anemia), closed cervical position and odorless uterine content may be an unusual sequel to canine fetal deat

Relationship of Oxidative Stress and Some Blood Parameters with Quarters Affected by Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress and some blood parameters in different number of quarters affected with and without sub-clinical mastitis (SM). Methods: A total of 50 lactating Holstein dairy cows were used in the study. The study groups were as follows; Group 1 (negative test results and no SM), Group 2 (SM in one quarter), Group 3 (SM in two quarters), Group 4 (SM in three quarters) Group 5 (SM in four quarters). Milk samples were obtained from the infected quarters for both Somatic Cell Count (SCC) measurement and bacteriological growth/bacterial identification. Blood was collected for analysis of oxidative stress parameters (total oxidative capacity and total antioxidant capacity) and some blood parameters (glucose, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]). Result: Somatic Cell Count (SCC) was significantly lower in Group 1 than in Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 (P&lt;0.001). Glucose and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in Group 5 than in Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 (P&lt;0.001). A significant difference was determined between all groups in respect of AST and ALT activities (P&lt;0.001). The Total Oxidative Capacity (TOC) and oxidative stress index value (OSI) levels were significantly lower in Group 1 than in Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 (P&lt;0.001), while Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) levels were significantly higher (P&lt;0.001). In conclusion, it was found that oxidative stress and blood-biochemistry values are significantly affected in dairy cows with sub-clinical mastitis.</p

Povezanost ehoteksturnih pokazatelja digitalne ultrasonografije maternice, predovulacijskog razvoja folikula i ovulacije u čistokrvnih arapskih kobila

Objective assessment of ultrasonographic images is only possible using computer-assisted echotexture analysis. This study investigated the relationship between cyclic digital echotexture analysis of ultrasonographic uterine images, and preovulatory follicle development and ovulation in 48 cyclic purebred Arabian mares during the breeding season. When the mares’ ovarian follicle diameters exceeded 30 mm, ultrasonographic examinations were performed and ultrasonographic images recorded with uterine endometrial edema degrees following follicle development until ovulation day. Echotexture measurements, including mean grayness value (MGV), heterogeneity (HET) and contrast (CON) parameters, were performed on the days when ovarian follicle diameters reached 30 mm (Group 1, n = 12), 35 mm (Group 2, n = 12), 40 mm (Group 3, n = 12) and 45 mm (Group 4, n = 12) in images recorded the day before ovulation and on the day of ovulation. MGV was the lowest in Group 2 and the difference from the other groups was statistically significant (P0.05). Variations in HOM (P 0,05). Varijacije HOM-a (P < 0,05), kontrasta (P < 0,05) i MGV-a (P < 0,01) bile su statističke znakovite na dan prije ovulacije kao i na dan ovulacije. Prema tome ultrazvučni pokazatelji ehoteksture povezani su s razvojem predovulacijskih folikula u kobila te zaključujemo da oni mogu uputiti na dan ovulacije u čistokrvnih arapskih kobila

The effect of dystocia on oxidative stress, colostral antibody/passive immune status, and blood gases in Damascus goats and their kids

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dystocia on oxidative stress, venous blood gases, and colostrum and serum immunoglobulins G (IgG) in Damascus goats and their kids, respectively. The study sample comprised a total of 40 Damascus goats with of their own 40 kids separated into 2 groups according to the type of birth. Group 1 consisted of goats with eutocia (n = 20) and their kids (n = 20), and Group 2 consisted of goats with dystocia (n = 20) and their kids (n = 20). Blood samples were taken from the goats and their kids in both groups to measure oxidative stress within one hour after kidding, and from the kids to evaluate serum IgG levels 24 h after kidding. Following blood gas and acid/base status were determined immediately after blood collection, colostrum samples were taken before the kids were sucked. Malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ischemia modified albumin (IMA), and total oxidant capacity (TOC) levels were significantly higher in the dystocia group than in the eutocia group (p < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly lower in the dystocia group than those in the eutocia group (p < 0.05). In addition, the scrum IgG levels of kids were significantly lower in the dystocia group than those in the eutocia group (p < 0.05). In the kids, partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)), pH value, bicarbonate (HCO3), base excess (BE), and glucose levels were significantly lower in the dystocia group than those in the eutocia group (p < 0.05), whereas partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) levels were significantly higher in the dystocia group than those in the eutocia group (p < 0.05). In the goats, oxygen pressure (pO(2)) was significantly higher in the dystocia group than that in the eutocia group (p < 0.05), whereas bicarbonate (HCO3) was significantly lower in the dystocia group than that in the eutocia group (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between IMA and serum IgG in kids in Group 1 (r=0.611, p < 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was observed between MDA and colostrum IgG levels in goats in Group 2 (r = 0.464, p < 0.05). In conclusion, current results could reveal that dystocia caused oxidative stress in both goats and kids. The present study elucidates that dystocia resulted in hypercapnia and hypoxia in kids, negatively affected blood gases, and decreased serum IgG levels in kids. It was revealed that oxidative stress increased, and colostrum IgG level did not change in goats in the dystocia group