Energy securıty: Regıonal energy centre Turkey

Gelişmekte olan Türkiye ürettiği enerjiden daha fazlasını ithal eden ülkeler arasında bulunmaktadır. Türkiye enerji ihtiyacının büyük bir kısmını dışarıdan sağlamasına rağmen, dünya enerji nakil hatlarının önemli bir kısmına sahiptir. Bu durum Türkiye’yi enerji savaşlarının merkezinde önemli bir aktör kılmaktadır. Günümüzde komşu ülkelerde yaşanan kaotik ortam ve Türkiye’nin terörle vermiş olduğu mücadele, Türkiye’yi terör örgütlerinin hedefi haline getirmektedir. Bu durum Türkiye’den geçmekte olan enerji nakil hatlarının güvenliği için büyük bir risk oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle terör örgütlerinin kırsal ve şehirlerde başarısız olmaları, terör saldırıları açısından daha kolay hedef konumunda bulunan petrol ve doğalgaz nakil hatlarını hedef almaktadırlar. Terör örgütleri enerji nakil hatlarına yapmış oldukları saldırılarda, birinci olarak ses getirmek ikinci olarak da Türkiye’nin enerji nakil hatları konusunda rekabet halinde oldukları ülkelere avantaj sağlamak için gerçekleştirmektedirler. Böylece son yıllarda mevcut ve halen yapımı devam eden enerji nakil hatlarına yüzlerce sabotaj ve saldırı gerçekleştirildiği bilinmektedir. Genel olarak enerji güvenliği konusunda iki farklı yaklaşım bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan birincisi enerjiye, ikincisi de güvenliğe ağırlık vermektedir. Enerji güvenliğinin enerji ağırlıklı tanımı enerji kaynaklarının bulunabilirliği, erişilebilirliği ve kabul edilebilirliği hususlarını kapsamaktadır. Enerji güvenliğinin güvenlik açısından tanımı ise enerji arama, geliştirme, üretim, iletim, çevrim, dağılım, pazarlama ve tüketim ağındaki tesislerin her türlü saldırıya karşı fiziki olarak korunması anlamını içermektedir (Ediger, 2007). Bu çalışmada; enerji güvenliğ kavramının özellikle güvenlik kısmı ele alınmıştır. Türkiye’nin enerji güvenlik politikaları ve enerji güvenliğine yönelik fiziki saldırılar, petrol ve doğal gaz nakil hatlarının literatür incelemesi yapılmıştır. Türkiye’nin sahip olduğu enerji nakil hatları ve bölgedeki jeopolitik konumu, analiz yapabilmek adına ortaya konularak konu hakkında öneriler sunulmuştur.Although Turkey consumes a higher amount of energy than it manufactures, it targets to be a new energy centre in its region. The key of being energy centre lies at the safe transit of the energy resources of other countries. Turkey sets the best example in this regard. Turkey has a more important position than ever since it is located at key location for the transit of gas and oil in the game of pipelines passing through other destinations. While Iran, Iraq and Azerbaijan supply only to Turkey, Turkey distributes oil and gas to far away countries. The most important factor is security at this point. Pipelines in Turkey which cost millions of dollars are subject to numerous illegal acts including terrorist actions and oil theft. In recent years, debates over the emerging energy deficit throughout the world have given priority to this issue. There is need for international cooperation with neighbouring countries and reforms in the current security concept in our country in order to solve this security problem. A Turkey which has active and international connections in the region will be highly useful in terms of the security of pipelines. At this point, energy lines in Turkey and security of these lines are brought to agenda. This research focuses on the steps to be taken with respect to security as well as solution suggestions by emphasizing the security of energy lines within the framework of the studies included in the literature and relevant research

Iron alters Ca2+ homeostasis in doxorubicin-resistant K562 cells

Iron is an essential trace element especially in cell proliferation, and growth for various cellular events. An increasing amount of research has shown that iron metabolism is altered in tumour cells which usually have rapid growth rates. However, the number of studies on iron metabolism, and calcium regulation are limited in drug-resistant tumour cells. Previously, we have shown that modulation of iron metabolism through iron chelation regulated the intracellular calcium, and increased the doxorubicin sensitivity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of iron on mRNA expression profiles of fifteen key genes (IP(3)R1/2/3, RYR1/2, SERCA1/2/3, NCX1/2/3, PMCA1/2/3, and PMCA4) related to calcium homeostasis in the parental cell line K562 and its subclone doxorubicin-resistant K562 cells. According to the Delta Delta Ct method with a two-fold expression difference (P < .05) as a cut-off level, although iron showed differential effects on most of the genes, IP3R and PMCA genes were especially determined to have changed significantly. These results show that iron metabolism is an important metabolism due to changes in the expression of genes involved in calcium regulation and is a new perspective to overcome cancer/drug resistance

Lucilia sericata Larval Secretions Stimulating Wound Healing Effects on Rat Dermal Fibroblast Cells

The extract from larval Lucilia sericata is used clinically to promote wound healing and tissue regeneration. However, its effect and underlying mechanisms on fibroblast cells, which are involved in the wound healing process, are still poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the effects of larval secretions on dermal fibroblast activity and gene expression and to evaluate the wound healing potential of their major components. Primary rat fibroblasts were cultured and treated with larval secretions. Following the treatment, the cells were used to extract RNA for gene profiling. In addition, migration to the injury site was studied with the scratch healing assay. Our results showed that larval secretion accelerated the migration of the fibroblasts compared to the control cells and that several mRNAs were differentially expressed during a period of 72 h incubation. Additionally, we analyzed the chemical composition of larval secretions and showed that fumaric acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid, which were selected and identified for their major components, enhanced the migration of the fibroblasts. Therefore, these results indicate that L. sericata larval secretions could modulate the mRNA expression of some wound healing-related genes of the fibroblasts and contain the effective components for wound healing

Platelet-rich plasma and platelet-derived lipid factors induce different and similar gene expression responses for selected genes related to wound healing in rat dermal wound environment

Although platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is the plasma fraction that contains higher levels of platelet-sequestered proteins such as growth factors and chemokines, it is also abundant in bioactive lipids whose role in wound healing has not been well characterized. This study provides a preliminary evaluation for the effect of the lipid component of PRP on selected genes related to wound healing. Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into four groups after induction of full thickness excisional wounds: the lipid fraction (LF) (lipid extract from PRP) group, PRP group, dimethyl sulfoxide group, and sham group. Subsequently, relevant groups were topically treated with test preparations. Healing wounds were collected on 3rd, 7th and 14th days, and expression levels of 12 genes were determined using qPCR. LF treatment-induced gene expression signature distinct from that induced by PRP treatment, although there are some overlaps in LF- and PRP-responsive genes. Differentially expressed all eight genes (Cxcl5, Cxc11, Egfr, Tgfb1, IL10, Tgfa, Mmp1, and Mmp7) to LF response were significantly down-regulated at either 3rd, 7th, or 14th days. Also, the comparison between LF- and PRP-treatment groups showed that the LF significantly decreased expression of Cxcl11, Mmp7, and Tgfa mRNA on day 7 of healing. This study revealed that PRP and its LF induced different and similar gene expression responses of the skin during the repair of full thickness excisional wounds. Identifying mRNA response to LF treatment at whole transcriptome level can be beneficial for comprehensive understanding of the role of platelet-derived lipid factors in wound healing processes

Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Novel Derivatives of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Based on Oleanolic Acid: in Vitro and in Silico Studies against Prostate Cancer Cells

Herein, new derivatives of α,β-unsaturated ketones based on oleanolic acid (4 a–i) were designed, synthesized, characterized, and tested against human prostate cancer (PC3). According to the in vitro cytotoxic study, title compounds (4 a–i) showed significantly lower toxicity toward healthy cells (HUVEC) in comparison with the reference drug doxorubicin. The compounds with the lowest IC50 values on PC3 cell lines were 4 b (7.785 μM), 4 c (8.869 μM), and 4 e (8.765 μM). The results of the ADME calculations showed that the drug-likeness parameters were within the defined ranges according to Lipinski's and Jorgensen's rules. For the most potent compounds 4 b, 4 c, and 4 e, a molecular docking analysis using the induced fit docking (IFD) protocol was performed against three protein targets (PARP, PI3K, and mTOR). Based on the IFD scores, compound 4 b had the highest calculated affinity for PARP1, while compound 4 c had higher affinities for mTOR and PI3K. The MM-GBSA calculations showed that the most potent compounds had high binding affinities and formed stable complexes with the protein targets. Finally, a 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation was performed to study the behavior of protein target complexes under in silico physiological conditions