Saving Disgorgement from Itself: SEC Enforcement After Kokesh v. SEC

Disgorgement is under threat. In Kokesh v. SEC , the Supreme Court held that disgorgement—a routine remedy that allows the SEC to recoup ill-gotten gains from financial wrongdoers—is subject to a 5-year statute of limitations because it functions as a “penalty.” This ruling threatens to upend the traditional conception of disgorgement as an ancillary remedy granted by the court’s equity power, because there are no penalties at equity. With the possibility that Kokesh’s penalty reasoning could be adopted beyond the statute of limitations context, the future of disgorgement in federal court is in doubt. This Note proposes a way forward that allows for disgorgement’s continued viability. The SEC should moderate its use of disgorgement for three reasons: because of a trend of suspicion toward strong government enforcement power by the Supreme Court, because it has been improperly used punitively, and because the rise of other statutory schemes has displaced disgorgement’s original justification. At the same time, disgorgement should be saved because of the uncertain future of administrative disgorgement proceedings, the intuitive notion of recovering money from wrongdoers, and the much-needed ability to compensate victims. To save disgorgement, the SEC should limit its use only to restoring the status quo of injured investors, thereby ensuring a remedial—not penal—purpose

História como autoconhecimento: para uma compreensão da dimensão existencial e ética do passado histórico

This essay explores the existential and ethical dimension of the historical past from two different perspectives. In the first part, the essay approaches the issue by examining the personal dimension of the historical past from the perspective of the individual subject. This examination elaborates the individual’s perspective by literary illustrations from W. G. Sebald’s Austerlitz. In the second part, the essay approaches the issue from a conceptual perspective in order to articulate the ways in which the idea of a historical past connects with the concept of history as self-knowledge. The essay engages with R. G. Collingwood’s philosophy of history to show that there are significant ethical and existential aspects of the concept of historical past. In conclusion, the essay argues that, from both the perspective of the individual and conceptually, there is an important personal dimension residing within and not only beyond the historical past.Este ensaio explora a dimensão existencial e ética do passado histórico a partir de duas perspectivas diferentes. Na primeira parte, o ensaio aborda a questão, examinando a dimensão pessoal do passado histórico a partir da perspectiva do sujeito, elaborando a essa perspectiva por meio de ilustrações literárias de Austerlitz, de W. G. Sebald. Na segunda parte, o ensaio aborda a questão sob uma perspectiva conceitual, a fim de articular as maneiras pelas quais a ideia de um passado histórico se conecta ao conceito de história como autoconhecimento. O ensaio se articula com a filosofia da história de R. G. Collingwood, a fim de mostrar que existem aspectos éticos e existenciais que são significativos para o conceito de passado histórico. Por fim, o ensaio argumenta que, tanto da perspectiva individual quanto conceitual, existe uma importante dimensão pessoal que reside dentro e não apenas além do passado histórico

A Study of the Concrete Making Properties of Idealite Lightweight Expanded Shale Aggregate

Among the many commercially produced lightweight aggregates, Idealite seems to exhibit many desirable qualities. According to the available literature, the expanded shale group of lightweight aggregates are capable of producing concrete with excellent structural characteristics, and one researcher found that expanded shale aggregate produced in rotary kilns resulted in the lowest weight aggregates of the ten groups that he studied.1 While having low creep and shrinkage values, Idealite has been found to give strengths equal to or better than that of conventional sand and gravel concretes. Idealite concretes are also reported to have excellent workability properties.

Strain sensing with sub-micron sized Al-AlOx-Al tunnel junctions

We demonstrate a local strain sensing method for nanostructures based on metallic Al tunnel junctions with AlOx barriers. The junctions were fabricated on top of a thin silicon nitride membrane, which was actuated with an AFM tip attached to a stiff cantilever. A large relative change in the tunneling resistance in response to the applied strain (gauge factor) was observed, up to a value 37. This facilitates local static strain variation measurements down to ~10^{-7}.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Minority nationalism and visions of socialist unity in the post-war Finnish labour movement, 1944–1949

The interpenetration of nationalism and socialism is a seminal problem for understanding 20th century labour movement history. This article approaches the issue of ideological interpenetration by way of a close examination of the relationship between minority nationalism and socialist unity during a formative phase for the Finnish labour movement in the post-war period. More precisely, the article investigates the Swedish-speaking minority within the Finnish labour movement and its attempt to unify different ideological factions in the labour movement through minority nationalism. The article contributes to the study of the relation between socialism and nationalism by extending the discussion to include national minorities and their relation to the socialist labour movement. The main theoretical innovation of the article is the concept of socialist minority nationalism. This concept will function as a heuristic tool for analysing the intersection of nationalism and socialist class-consciousness within the Finnish labour movement. The Swedish-speaking agents of the Finnish labour movement, and their socialist Finland-Swedish identity-project, has hitherto been neglected in Finnish labour history. Through historical investigations of national or ethnic minorities, or other past and present marginalized groups and individuals in labour history, it is possible to problematize the hegemonic historical narratives of the majority.Peer reviewe

Progressiivisten web-sovellusten kehittäminen

Progressiivisen web-sovelluksen (Progressive Web Application, PWA) tarkoitus on hämärtää tai jopa poistaa raja sovelluskaupasta ladattavan sovelluksen ja normaalin verkkosivuston välillä. PWA-sovellus on kuin mikä tahansa normaali verkkosivusto, mutta se täyttää lisäksi seuraavat mittapuut: Sovellus skaalautuu mille tahansa laitteelle. Sovellus tarjotaan salatun yhteyden yli. Sovellus on mahdollista asentaa puhelimen kotinäytölle pikakuvakkeeksi, jolloin sovellus avautuu ilman selaimesta tuttuja navigointityökaluja ja lisäksi sovelluksen voi myös avata ilman verkkoyhteyttä. Tässä työssä käydään läpi PWA-sovelluksen rakennustekniikoita ja määritellään milloin sovelluson PWA-sovellus. Työssä mitataan PWA-sovelluksen nopeutta Service Workerin välimuistitallennusominaisuuksien ollessa käytössä ja ilman. PWA-sovelluksen luomista ja käyttöönottoa tarkastellaan olemassa olevassa yksityisessä asiakasprojektissa. Projektin tarkastelussa kiinnitetään huomiota PWA-sovelluksen tuomiin etuihin ja kipupisteisiin. Tuloksen arvioimiseksi otetaan Google Chromen Lighthouse -työkalua käyttäen mittaukset sovelluksen progressiivisuudesta ja nopeudesta. Lisäksi sovellusta vasten ajetaan Puppeteer-kirjastoa hyödyntäen latausnopeuden laskeva testi useita kertoja sekä tarkastellaan PWA-sovelluksen Service Workerin välimuistin hyödyllisyyttä suorituskyvyn ja latausajan kannalta. Jotta Service Workerin välimuistin käytöstä voidaan tehdä johtopäätökset, nopeuden muutosta tarkastellaan progressiivisten ominaisuuksien ollessa käytössä ja niiden ollessa pois päältä. Lisäksi tarkastellaan Googlen tapaustutkimuksen kautta Service Workerin vaikutuksia sovelluksen nopeuteen. Testitulokset osoittavat että Service Workerin välimuistin hyödyntäminen on nopeampaa kaikissa tapauksissa. Service Workerin välimuisti on nopeampi kuin selaimen oma välimuisti. Service Worker voi myös olla pysähtynyt ja odotustilassa käyttäjän selaimessa. Silti Service Workerin aktivoiminen ja välimuistin käyttäminen on nopeampaa kuin selaimen välimuistista tai suoraan verkosta lataaminen

Vårt praktiska och historiska förflutna

tulossaLectio praecursoria 27.10.201