Pelaksanaan Perjanjian Jual Beli Dengan Menggunakan L/C (Letter Of Credit) Pada PT. Batik Danar Hadi Surakarta

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk : 1) Mengetahui prosedur pembayaran dalam pelaksanaan perjanjian jual beli dengan menggunakan Irrevocable Letter of Credit. 2) Mengetahui hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi PT. Batik Danar Hadi Surakarta dalam pelaksanaan pembayaran dengan menggunakan Irrevocable Letter of Credit. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis empiris. Spesifikasi penelitian dalam penulisan hukum ini adalah bersifat deskriptif analitis. Jenis datanya berupa data primer dan sekunder, yang terdiri atas bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Metode analisis data yang dipergunakan adalah analisis data deduktif. Metode deduktif adalah suatu metode penarikan kesimpulan dari hal-hal yang bersifat umum menuju penulisan yang bersifat khusus. Hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan: 1) Prosedur pembayaran dalam pelaksanaan perjanjian jual beli dengan menggunakan Irrevocable Letter of Credit di PT. Batik Danar Hadi Surakarta menggunakan wesel sebagai alat pembayaran, dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: a) PT. Batik Danar Hadi Surakarta (eksportir) mengirimkan barang kepada importir melalui maskapai pelayaran, selanjutnya mengirimkan dokumen pengiriman kepada importir dan memberitahukan adanya penarikan wesel. b) PT. Batik Danar Hadi Surakarta mendatangi bank penerus dengan membawa wesel yang sudah dilampiri dokumen pengiriman, yang selanjutnya bank penerus dalam hal ini PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia membayar kepada PT. Batik Danar Hadi Surakarta selaku eksportir. c) Selanjutnya bank penerus yaitu PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia mengirimkan wesel tersebut kepada bank yang ada di negara tempat importir tinggal. Dengan diterimanya wesel, bank pembuka yang ada di luar negeri akan membayar kepada PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia. Pembayaran tidak dilakukan dengan cara mengirimkan uang, tapi hanya dalam bentuk pencatatan saldo. d) Langkah terakhir, bank yang ada di luar negeri (bank pembuka) menagih kepada importir. Apabila importir memiliki rekening di bank pembuka maka bank pembuka tinggal mengurangi jumlah yang tersimpan di rekeningnya. 2) Hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi PT. Batik Danar Hadi Surakarta dalam pelaksanaan pembayaran dengan menggunakan Irrevocable Letter of Credit, adalah terjadi penyimpangan dokumen yang seringkali menghambat dan menyita waktu. Penyimpangan yang terjadi disebabkan antara lain oleh: kekurangtelitian staff pegawai dalam membuat dokumen menyebabkan kesalahan pengetikan dalam dokumen-dokumen yang disyaratkan dalam L/C. Namun apabila PT. Batik Danar Hadi Surakarta dapat memenuhi semua ketentuan dalam cara pembayaran L/C maupun dokumen B/L yang diminta maka tidak ada permasalahan yang menghambat

Risk factors for wound infection in surgery for spinal metastasis

Wound infection rates are generally higher in patients undergoing surgery for spinal metastasis. Risk factors of wound infection in these patients are poorly understood. Purpose To identify demographic and clinical variables that may be associated with patients experiencing a higher wound infection rate. Study design Retrospective study with prospectively collected data of spinal metastasis patients operated consecutively at a University Teaching Hospital, adult spine division which is a tertiary referral centre for complex spinal surgery. Patient sample Ninety-eight patients were all surgically treated, consecutively from January 2009 to September 2011. Three patients had to be excluded due to inadequate data. Outcome measures Physiological measures, with presence or absence of microbiologically proven infection. Methods Various demographic and clinical data were recorded, including age, serum albumin level, blood total lymphocyte count, corticosteroid intake, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) score, neurological disability, skin closure material used, levels of surgery and administration of peri-operative corticosteroids. No funding was received from any sources for this study and as far as we are aware, there are no potential conflict of interest-associated biases in this study. Results Higher probabilities of infection were associated with low albumin level, seven or more levels of surgery, use of delayed/non-absorbable skin closure material and presence of neurological disability. Of these factors, levels of surgery were found to be statistically significant at the 5 % significance level. Conclusion Risk of infection is high (17.9 %) in patients undergoing surgery for spinal metastasis. Seven or more vertebral levels of surgery increase the risk of infection significantly (p < 0.05). Low albumin level and presence of neurological disability appear to show a trend towards increased risk of infection. Use of absorbable skin closure material, age, low lymphocyte count, peri-operative administration of corticosteroids and MUST score do not appear to influence the risk of infection

HIV-1 subtype A infection in a community of intravenous drug users in Pakistan

BACKGROUND: Data on the subtypes of HIV in a population help in predicting the potential foci of epidemic, tracking the routes of infection and following the patterns of the virus' genetic divergence. Globally, the most prevalent HIV infection is the HIV-1 subtype C. In Asia, predominant subtypes of HIV-1 are B, C, and CRF-01AE. During the last few years, HIV prevalence in Pakistan has taken the form of a concentrated epidemic in at least two high risk groups, namely, Intravenous Drug Users (IDUs) and Male Sex Workers (MSWs). Factors that have facilitated the proliferation of HIV infection include transmission through a large number of repatriates and needle-sharing intravenous drug users, unscreened blood transfusions, and sexual illiteracy. The HIV subtypes infecting Pakistani populations have not been explored to date. In this study, we analyzed HIV-1 subtypes from in a high-risk community of IDUs in Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan. METHODS: Samples were collected from 34 IDUs after their informed consent. In addition, the study subjects were administered a questionnaire regarding their sexual behavior and travel history. For HIV analysis, DNA was extracted from the samples and analyzed for HIV types and subtypes using subtype-specific primers in a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results from this PCR were further confirmed using the Heteroduplex Mobility Assay (HMA). RESULTS: We found HIV-1 subtype A in all the 34 samples analyzed. A few of the study subjects were found to have a history of travel and stay in the United Arab Emirates. The same subjects also admitted to having contact with commercial sex workers during their stay abroad. CONCLUSION: Our study therefore shows clade A HIV-1 to be prevalent among the IDUs in Karachi. As the prevalence of HIV in Pakistan continues to rise, more work needs to be done to track the infection, and to analyze the strains of HIV spreading through the country

Muscle invasive bladder cancer in Upper Egypt: the shift in risk factors and tumor characteristics

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Egypt, where bilharziasis is endemic, bladder cancer is the commonest cancer in males and the 2^ndin females; squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the commonest type found, with a peculiar mode of presentation. The aim of this study is to identify and rank the risk factors of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) in Upper Egypt and describe its specific criteria of presentation and histopathology.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is an analytical, hospital based, case controlled study conducted in south Egypt cancer institute through comparing MIBC cases (n = 130) with age, sex and residence matched controls (n = 260) for the presence of risk factors of MIBC. Data was collected by personal interview using a well designed questionnaire. Patients' records were reviewed for histopathology and Radiologic findings.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The risk factors of MIBC were positive family history [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 7.7], exposure to pesticides [AOR = 6.2], bladder stones [AOR = 5], consanguinity [AOR = 3.9], recurrent cystitis [AOR = 3.1], bilharziasis [odds ratio (OR) = 5.8] and smoking [OR = 5.3]. SCC represented 67.6% of cases with burning micturition being the presenting symptom in 73.8%.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>MIBC in Upper Egypt is usually of the SCC type (although its percentage is decreasing), occurs at a younger age and presents with burning micturition rather than hematuria. Unlike the common belief, positive family history, parents' consanguinity, exposure to pesticides and chronic cystitis seem to play now more important roles than bilharziasis and smoking in the development of this disease in this area.</p

Human PTCHD3 nulls: rare copy number and sequence variants suggest a non-essential gene

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Copy number variations (CNVs) can contribute to variable degrees of fitness and/or disease predisposition. Recent studies show that at least 1% of any given genome is copy number variable when compared to the human reference sequence assembly. Homozygous deletions (or CNV nulls) that are found in the normal population are of particular interest because they may serve to define non-essential genes in human biology.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In a genomic screen investigating CNV in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) we detected a heterozygous deletion on chromosome 10p12.1, spanning the Patched-domain containing 3 (<it>PTCHD3</it>) gene, at a frequency of ~1.4% (6/427). This finding seemed interesting, given recent discoveries on the role of another Patched-domain containing gene (<it>PTCHD1</it>) in ASD. Screening of another 177 ASD probands yielded two additional heterozygous deletions bringing the frequency to 1.3% (8/604). The deletion was found at a frequency of ~0.73% (27/3,695) in combined control population from North America and Northern Europe predominately of European ancestry. Screening of the human genome diversity panel (HGDP-CEPH) covering worldwide populations yielded deletions in 7/1,043 unrelated individuals and those detected were confined to individuals of European/Mediterranean/Middle Eastern ancestry. Breakpoint mapping yielded an identical 102,624 bp deletion in all cases and controls tested, suggesting a common ancestral event. Interestingly, this CNV occurs at a break of synteny between humans and mouse. Considering all data, however, no significant association of these rare <it>PTCHD3 </it>deletions with ASD was observed. Notwithstanding, our RNA expression studies detected <it>PTCHD3 </it>in several tissues, and a novel shorter isoform for <it>PTCHD3 </it>was characterized. Expression in transfected COS-7 cells showed <it>PTCHD3 </it>isoforms colocalize with calnexin in the endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of a patched (Ptc) domain suggested a role for <it>PTCHD3 </it>in various biological processes mediated through the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. However, further investigation yielded one individual harboring a homozygous deletion (<it>PTCHD3 </it>null) without ASD or any other overt abnormal phenotype. Exon sequencing of <it>PTCHD3 </it>in other individuals with deletions revealed compound point mutations also resulting in a null state.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data suggests that <it>PTCHD3 </it>may be a non-essential gene in some humans and characterization of this novel CNV at 10p12.1 will facilitate population and disease studies.</p