Management of a caseous lymphadenitis outbreak in a new Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) stock reservoir

Background: In 2010, an Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) stock reservoir was established for conservation purposes in north-eastern Spain. Eighteen ibexes were captured in the wild and housed in a 17 hectare enclosure. Once in captivity, a caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) outbreak occurred and ibex handlings were carried out at six-month intervals between 2010 and 2013 to perform health examinations and sampling. Treatment with a bacterin-based autovaccine and penicillin G benzatine was added during the third and subsequent handlings, when infection by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was confirmed. Changes in lesion score, serum anti-C. pseudotuberculosis antibodies and haematological parameters were analyzed to assess captivity effects, disease emergence and treatment efficacy. Serum acute phase proteins (APP) Haptoglobin (Hp), Amyloid A (SAA) and Acid Soluble Glycoprotein (ASG) concentrations were also determined to evaluate their usefulness as indicators of clinical status.Once in captivity, 12 out of 14 ibexes (85.7%) seroconverted, preceding the emergence of clinical signs; moreover, TP, WBC, eosinophil and platelet cell counts increased while monocyte and basophil cell counts decreased. After treatment, casualties and fistulas disappeared and both packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin concentration significantly increased. Hp, SAA and ASG values were under the limit of detection or showed no significant differences. Conclusions: A role for captivity in contagion rate is suggested by the increase in antibody levels against C. pseudotuberculosis and the emergence of clinical signs. Although boosted by captivity, this is the first report of an outbreak of caseous lymphadenitis displaying high morbidity and mortality in wild ungulates. Treatment consisting of both vaccination and antibiotic therapy seemed to prevent mortality and alleviate disease severity, but was not reflected in the humoural response. Haematology and APP were not useful indicators in our study, perhaps due to the sampling frequency. Presumably endemic and irrelevant in the wild, this common disease of domestic small ruminants is complicating conservation efforts for the Iberian ibex in north-eastern Spain

O valor ético no ensino da enfermagem El valor etico en la educación del oficio de enfermería The Ethical Value in the Nursing education

O presente artigo é fruto da tese apresentada à Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, na linha de Pesquisa em Educação e Enfermagem, balizada na Teoria de Valor. A Enfermagem possui um conjunto de valores do qual se nutre para elaborar uma escala. Objetivo: compreender o Valor Ético, no discurso do enfermeiro-docente, à frente do ato de educar, e que ele transmite ao educando, e discuti-lo à luz dos pressupostos de Max Scheler. A metodologia é qualitativa, centrada no enfoque fenomenológico. O cenário foram três instituições de ensino superior de Enfermagem, localizadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O período de realização foi de agosto de 2007 a junho de 2008. Resultados: o Valor Ético emerge no discurso do enfermeiro-docente no ato de educar como fundante. Conclusão: por meio do discurso, o enfermeiro apresenta o Valor Ético ao educando, ratificando-o como instituinte para a práxis assistencial da Enfermagem.<br>El presente artículo es fruto de la Tesis, presentada a la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery, en la línea de investigación en Educación y Enfermería, enmarcada en la Teoria de Valor. La enfermería tiene un conjunto de valores de la cual se nutre para elaborar una escala. Objetivo: comprender el Valor Ético, en el discurso del enfermero-docente, frente al acto de educar y que transmite al ir educando, Discutido a la luz de los supuestos de Max Scheler. La metodologia es qualitativa, centrada en el enfoque fenomenológico. El marco del presente estudio fueron tres instituiciones de enseñaza superior de enfermería, ubicadas en la ciudad do Rio de Janeiro. El período de realización del estudio fue de agosto de 2007 a junio 2008. Resultados: el Valor Ético aparece en el discurso del enfermero-docente en el acto de educar como fundamento.. Conclusión: a través del discurso, el enfermero presenta el Valor Ético al educado , ratificándolo como parte integrante dela praxis asistencial de la enfermería.<br>The current article comes from the Thesis, presented to the Nursing School Anna Nery, following the line of a Research in Education and Nursing, based on the Value Theory. The nursing possess a group of values which nourishes itself to elaborate a scale. Objective: understand the Ethical Value, in the speech of the nurse-professor, focused to the act of educating, that he/she transmits to the student and discuss it under the light of the assumptions of Max Scheler. The methodology is qualitative, focused in the phenomenological approach. The scenario has been three institutions of superior education in nursing, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The period of accomplishment was from August of 2007 to June of 2008. Results: Ethical value emerges in the speech of the nurse-professor in the act of educating as a foundation. Conclusion: by means of the speech the nurse presents Ethical value to the student, ratifying it as establishment for the assisting praxis of nursing

Biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems of the Caatinga Biome

The biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P and water, the impacts of land use in the stocks and flows of these elements and how they can affect the structure and functioning of Caatinga were reviewed. About half of this biome is still covered by native secondary vegetation. Soils are deficient in nutrients, especially N and P. Average concentrations of total soil P and C in the top layer (0-20 cm) are 196 mg kg-1 and 9.3 g kg-1, corresponding to C stocks around 23 Mg ha-1. Aboveground biomass of native vegetation varies from 30 to 50 Mg ha-1, and average root biomass from 3 to 12 Mg ha-1. Average annual productivities and biomass accumulation in different land use systems vary from 1 to 7 Mg ha-1 year-1. Biological atmospheric N2 fixation is estimated to vary from 3 to 11 kg N ha-1 year-1and 21 to 26 kg N ha-1 year-1 in mature and secondary Caatinga, respectively. The main processes responsible for nutrient and water losses are fire, soil erosion, runoff and harvest of crops and animal products. Projected climate changes in the future point to higher temperatures and rainfall decreases. In face of the high intrinsic variability, actions to increase sustainability should improve resilience and stability of the ecosystems. Land use systems based on perennial species, as opposed to annual species, may be more stable and resilient, thus more adequate to face future potential increases in climate variability. Long-term studies to investigate the potential of the native biodiversity or adapted exotic species to design sustainable land use systems should be encouraged