Effects of the oat crop environment on colonization by Oscinella frit L (Diptera: Chloropidae)

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Assessment of the Curative Potency of Some Plant Materials on Cowpea seeds with Established Infestation of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricus)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

An investigation into the possibility of plant materials affording quick and practicable control where pest populations are approaching economic threshold was carried out in the laboratory. The leaves, barks or seed powders of ten locally available plants, which have been reported to have insecticidal activity on storage pests, were screened to evaluate their curative efficacy relative to a conventional storage chemical, Actellic 2 % dust (Pirimiphos – methyl), as protectants of stored cowpea with established infestation. The cowpea was infested with bruchids 5 weeks before the administration of the test materials and after the emergence of the first filial generation. Each plant material was tested at three rates (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g/100.0 g seed). Actellic was applied at the rate of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/100.0 g seed. The treatments were replicated thrice. Seeds not treated with the test materials served as the control. Data were collected weekly over a 10 – week period on adult emergence, percentage adult mortality and seed damage. The seed damage data were used to estimate the weevil perforation index (WPI). The most effective materials and Actellic 2 % dust only gave marginal protection. At week 10 of the experiment, Moringa oleifera, Piper guineense and Ocimum gratissimum had WPI of 46.7 %, 46.7 % and 50.0 %, respectively at their highest rates of application. Though Actellic dust effected higher mortality of the insects, it could hardly protect seeds that were already heavily infested with only 50% WPI at the highest rate (3.0 g/100 g seed). Key Words: Callosobruchus maculatus, Curative, Plant Materials, Progeny, Weevil Perforation Index (WPI)

Prevalence and determinants of pre-term deliveries in the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria

In Nigeria, over 900,000 children under the age of five years die every year. Early neonatal death is responsible for a little over 20% of these deaths. Prematurity remains a significant cause of these early neonatal deaths. In some series, it is reported to be responsible for 60–70% of these deaths. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of pre-term deliveries at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. This was a prospective cohort study conducted over a 9-month period at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Records of deliveries and data on maternal socio-biological and antenatal variables were collected during this period in order to determine the prevalence and determinants of pre-term deliveries. Out of the 2,489 deliveries that took place over a 9-month period, there were 293 pre-terms, giving a pre-term delivery rate of 120 per 1,000 deliveries. Of the total deliveries, 1,522 singleton deliveries that satisfied inclusion criteria were recruited; 185 of them were pre-term deliveries giving a case:control ratio of 1:7. Significant determinants of pre-term delivery identified were previous pre-term delivery (P=0.001; OR=3.55; 95% CI=1.71–7.30), antepartum hemorrhage (P=0.000; OR=8.95; 95%CI=4.06–19.78), premature rupture of the membranes (P=0.000; OR=6.48; 95%CI=4.33–9.67), maternal urinary tract infection (P=0.006; OR=5.89; 95%CI=1.16–27.57), pregnancy induced hypertension (P=0.007; OR=3.23; 95%CI=2.09–4.99), type of labor (P=0.000; OR=6.44; 95%CI=4.42–9.38) and booking status (P=0.000; OR=4.67; 95%CI=3.33–6.56). The prevalence of pre-term delivery was 120 per 1,000 live births. Factors significantly associated with pre-term delivery were low socio-economic class, previous pre-term delivery, antepartum hemorrhage, premature rupture of fetal membranes, urinary tract infection, pregnancy induced hypertension, induced labor, and booking elsewhere outside the teaching hospital

Frequency of Toxoplasmosis in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Trinidad

Toxoplasmosis has been reported to occur in several animals and humans causing different clinical manifestations. The study was conducted to determine the frequency of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies (IgG) in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) across farms in Trinidad using a latex agglutination test. Of a total of 333 water buffalo tested, 26 (7.8%) were seropositive for T. gondii antibodies. Seropositivity for toxoplasmosis was statistically significantly (P < 0.05; χ2) higher in adult water buffalo, 12.4% (14 of 113) compared with young water buffalo, 4.2% (6 of 143). Seropositivity for toxoplasmosis across the seven farms ranged from 0.0% (0 of 20) in Farm G compared with 20.0% (10 of 50) detected in Farm B. The differences in seropositivity by management system, free-ranging 6.7% (14 of 213) and semi-intensive 10.0% (12 of 120) and by sex, in male 6.7% (7 of 104) and female 8.3% (19 of 229) water buffalo, were not statistically significant (P > 0.05; χ2). This is the first documentation of toxoplasmosis in water buffalo in Trinidad

Serovarovi Salmonella spp. izdvojeni iz zdravih mačaka u Trinidadu i njihova osjetljivost prema antibioticima

The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in non-diarrhoeic cats across Trinidad was determined. The serovars of Salmonella spp. isolated were identified and the resistance to eight antimicrobial agents was determined. Of the 94 cats sampled 2 (2.1%) were positive for Salmonella spp. with two serovars identified: S. Johannesburg and a serovar belonging to Group C1. Only 1 isolate was resistant. It was concluded that the isolation of Salmonella spp. from apparently healthy cats poses a health hazard to their owners, since most serovars are known to be potentially pathogenic. Furthermore, the existence of resistance to antimicrobial agents amongst Salmonella isolates from cats could cause chemotherapeutic consequences to their human owners.U Trinidadu je istražena proširenost Salmonella spp. u klinički zdravih mačaka. Izdvojeni serovarovi Salmonella spp. bili su identificirani te im je određena otpornost na osam antimikrobnih sredstava. Od 94 mačke, dvije (2,1%) su bile pozitivne na salmonele s dva identificirana serovara: S. Johannesburg i serovar koji pripada skupini C1. Jedan izolat bio je rezistentan. Može se zaključiti da izdvajanje Salmonella spp. iz zdravih mačaka predstavlja zdravstvenu opasnost za njihove vlasnike, jer je poznato da je većina serovarova potencijalno patogena. Nadalje, rezistencija izolata iz mačaka na antimikrobna sredstva može imati kemoterapeutske posljedice na njihove vlasnike

The prevalence of asymptomatic group B streptococcal infection and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern among parturients at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria

Background: Early‑onset Group B Streptococcal (GBS) infection is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Policy of active prevention by antepartum screening and treatment is not a popular practice in resource‑constrained settings.Objectives: This study determined the prevalence of asymptomatic GBS infection and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. It also determined the outcome of Intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis (IAP).Methodology: It was a prospective and longitudinal study done in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, between June 2014 and April 2015. Two hundred and twenty consenting pregnant women with gestational ages between 35 and 37 completed weeks were participated in the study. Vagina and rectum were swabbed using different rayon swab sticks. Swabs were placed in Amies, nonnutritive transport medium. Bacteriological procedures to culture GBS and confirmation with biochemical tests and serological test were done. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined. Participants who had GBS rectovaginal colonization had intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillin G. All participants were followed up till to a week after birth.Results: Out of the 220 pregnant participants, 19 (8.6%) had GBS rectovaginal colonization. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern revealed that GBS isolates were all sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, and cefazolin while 4 (21.1%) were resistant to ceftriaxone and 6 (31.6%) were resistant to both erythromycin and clindamycin. None of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to clindamycin or vice versa. Of the 19 participants with GBS rectovaginal colonization, 2 (10.5%) delivered low birth weight baby, but there was no incidence of early‑onset GBS disease.Conclusion: The prevalence of GBS rectovaginal colonization in this study is similar to figures from other parts of the country. The GBS sensitivity pattern to penicillin was similar to those reported elsewhere. Fetal outcome following intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis was good.Keywords: Group B streptococcal infection; pregnancy; prevalence; sensitivit

Otpornost na antimikrobne tvari, fenotipska obilježja i fagotipovi sojeva vrste B. abortus izdvojenih iz goveda i azijskih bivola (Bubalus bubalis) u Trinidadu.

Strains of Brucella abortus isolated from cattle and domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Trinidad and Tobago were characterized as to their phenotypic features, phage types and resistance to antimicrobial agents using standard methods. A total of 86 isolates were recovered from the lymph nodes of 14 apparently healthy seropositive cattle and 17 water buffalo, skin lesions of 9 water buffalo and aborted tissues of 16 water buffalo. In addition 2 vaccine strains, B. abortus strains 19 (S19) and RB51 (SRB51) were tested. All (100.0%) strains of B. abortus tested grew in the presence of penicillin G, i-erythritol and basic fuchsin but none (0.0%) grew in the presence of thionin blue. All 88 (100.0%) strains of B. abortus were susceptible to bacteriophages TB and BK2 but 84 (95.5%) were lysed by bacteriophage Wb. Of the 8 antimicrobial agents tested by the disc diffusion method, all 42 (100.0%) cattle and water buffalo carried resistant isolates and all 88 (100.0%) isolates of B. abortus exhibited resistance to one or more of the antimicrobial agents. All sources considered, resistance was high to azithromycin (100.0%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (98.9%) and moxifl oxacin (80.7%) and low to streptomycin (5.7%), tetracycline (1.1%) and doxycycline (1.1%). The differences in prevalence of resistance of B. abortus isolates to antimicrobial agents were statistically significant (P0.05; χ2). Resistance to antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of human brucellosis poses a public health hazard, but most of the strains had similar phenotypic characteristics and bacteriophage susceptibility patterns.Određivana su fenotipska obilježja, fagotipovi i otpornost na antimikrobna sredstva sojeva bakterije Brucella abortus izdvojenih iz goveda i azijskog bivola (Bubalus bubalis) u Trinidadu i Tobagu. Ukupno je 86 izolata bilo izdvojeno iz limfnih čvorova 14 klinički zdravih serološki pozitivnih goveda i 17 indijskih bivola, iz ozljeda kože devet bivola te tkiva pobačenih plodova 16 bivola. Analizirana su bila i dva cjepna soja bakterije B. abortus, soj 19 (S19) i RB51 (SRB51). Svi analizirani sojevi razmnožavali su se u prisutnosti penicilina G, i-eritritola i bazičnog fuksina, a nijedan se nije razmožavao u prisutnosti tioninskog modrila. Svih 88 sojeva bilo je osjetljivo na bakteriofage TB i BK2, a 84 (95,5%) bili su lizirani bakteriofagom Wb. Sva pretražena goveda i bivoli nosili su sojeve rezistentne na jednu ili više antimikrobnih tvari. Uzročnici su bili testirani na 8 antimikrobnih tvari disk-difuzijskim postupkom. Velika otpornost ustanovljena je na azitromicitestirani na 8 antimikrobnih tvari disk-difuzijskim postupkom. Velika otpornost ustanovljena je na azitromicin (100,0%), sulfametoksazol/trimetoprim (98,9%) i moksifloksacin (80,7%). Slaba otpornost bila je ustanovljena na streptomicin (5,7%), tetraciklin (1,1%) i doksiciklin (1,1%). Razlike u prevalenciji rezistencije izolata B. abortus na antimikrobne tvari bile su statistički značajne (P<0,05; χ2), ali su izolati iz goveda i bivola imali sličnu prevalenciju otpornosti (P<0,05; χ2). Otpornost na antimikrobne tvari rabljene za liječenje bruceloze u ljudi ima javnozdravstveno značenje. Većina izolata ima slična fenotipska obilježja i sličnu osjetljivort na bakteriofage

Seroprevalence and clinical correlates of human immunodeficiency virus infection among women with infertility in northwestern Nigeria

Background: Infertility is a major cause of social and psychological problems among couples, especially in our environment where child bearing is regarded as one of the major reasons for marriage. Studies have shown that fertility among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‑infected women may actually be reduced posing social and psychological disturbance among a group of people that are already burdened with disease.Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of HIV infection among women with infertility attending a gynecology clinic in northwestern Nigeria.Materials and Methods: It was a cross‑sectional descriptive study comprising of women attending the gynecology clinic due to infertility that satisfied the inclusion criteria. The sample size was 250. Ethical clearance was obtained from the health research and ethics committee of the study setting. Clients were recruited consecutively as they presented to the infertility clinic from May 2015 to January 2016 and tested for HIV infection. HIV testing was done in the Department of Medical Microbiology after collecting 5 ml of blood from the clients using sterile syringes. Investigations to determine the cause of infertility were also conducted. Obtained data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0.Results: A total of 250 clients were recruited for the study. The age range of respondents was‑ 17 – 47 years with a mean age of 30.3 years. Hausa was the predominant ethnic group in all respondents (61%). Most of the respondents had secondary education (39%). Only 4% had postgraduate education. Out of the 250 respondents, 21 (8.4%) were found to be positive for HIV infection. Chi‑square test showed an association between tuboperitoneal infertility and HIV infection.Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV infection in women with infertility attending our clinic was high and an association was seen between HIV infection and tuboperitoneal infertility.Keywords: Clinical correlates; human immunodeficiency virus infection; infertilit

Umbilical Cord Prolapse In Kaduna, Northern Nigeria: A Study Of Incidence

Prolapse of theumbilical cord is a live threatening obstetric emergency for the fetus-infant. To determine, the incidence of cord prolapse in the hospital. A-12½year retrospective study of all women who presented with cord prolapse in labour at a university teaching hospital. During the period therewere16633 deliveries and 34women presentedwith cord prolapse, giving an incidence of 2.0 per 1000 (1 in 504 deliveries). Highest incidence occurred in women of 35 years and above (5.0 per 1000); in the 25-29 years group 2.3 per 1000 and in those less than 20 years old 1.3 per 1000. The highest incidence of cord prolapse was in the para 5 and over, 2.4 per 1000; para 0, 2.0 per1000 and paras 1 4, 1.9 per 1000.The incidence of cord prolapse in the unregisteredwomenwas 5.2 per 1000, and in the registered 1.5 per 1000. The highest incidence was in the Hausa/ Fulani ethnic group 3.4 per 1000; the Yoruba ethnic group, 2.1 per 1000 ; the Northernminority ethnic group , 2.0 per 1000; the Ibo ethnic group, 1.0 per 1000. No case of cord prolapse was recorded among women of Southern minority ethnic group. The incidence of cord prolapse among preterm births was, 62.7 per 1000, breech, 32.5 per 1000; shoulder, 133.3 per 1000 , twin births.16.8 per 1000 and cesarean births, 11.4 per 1000. Cord prolapse is an uncommon obstetric complication, the incidence of which is determined by the influence of various factors acting individually or in synergy. Keywords: Cord Prolapse, incidence,Kaduna,Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol. 11 (4) 2008: pp. 316-31

Triplet Gestation: Clinical Outcome of 14 Cases

Background/Objective: To determine maternal complications and fetal outcome of triplet gestations. Method: Retrospective study of pregnant women with triplet gestation managed in 10 years. Results: Fourteen women were managed with triplet gestation, of these, (71.4%) were booked for antenatal care and four (28.6%) were unbooked. The mean age of the women was 31.3 years. The age range was between twenty seven years and thirty nine years. The mean gestational age at diagnosis for the booked women was 18.6 weeks. Of the fourteen patients, ten (71.4%) had spontaneous conception, three (21.4%) followed ovulation induction and one (7.2%) resulted from invitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Two (14.3%) patients had cervical cerclage based on their past obstetric history and assessment of the cervix. Six (42.9%) patients were hospitalized and treated for preeclampsia 3 patients, spontaneous abortion 1 patient and cervical incompetence 2 patients. Eleven (78.6%) patients had preterm birth. The mean gestational age at delivery was 33.4 weeks. Of the thirteen deliveries, nine (69.2%) had caesarean section and four (30.8%) delivered per vaginam. A total of thirty nine babies were delivered, thirty four (87.2%) babies survived and five (12.8%) died. Perinatal mortality was 11.9% and the "take home" baby rate was 81%. Conclusion: Antenatal care with initiation of specialized prenatal care and planned delivery in triplet gestation improves fetal outcome.Introduction/Objectif: D\ue9cider des complications maternales et r\ue9sultat foetal du gestation tripl\ue9e. M\ue9thodes: Etude r\ue9trospective de grossess femmes avec gestation tripl\ue9e trait\ue9es la 10 ans. R\ue9sultats: Quatorze femmes trait\ue9es avec gestation tripl\ue9e, parmis lesquelles 10, soit 71,4% ont \ue9t\ue9 inscrites pour des soins ant\ue9nataux et quatre soit 28,6% ne s'\ue9taient pas inscrites. L'\ue2ge moyen des femmes \ue9taient 31,3 ans. Tranche d'\ue2ge \ue9tait entre vingt sept et trente neuf ans. Moyen d'\ue2ge gestationnaire pendant diagnostic pour des femmes inscrites \ue9tait 18,6 semaines. Entre le quatorze patientes, dix (71,4%) avaient eu la conception spontan\ue9e, trois soit 21,4% ont suivi d\ue9clenchement ovulaire et une soit 7,2% est attribuable \ue0 la fertilisation invitro et transfert d'embryon. Deux soit 14,3% patients avaient eu un cerclage cervical \ue0 cause de leur dossier obst\ue9trique du pass\ue9 et \ue9valuation de l'ut\ue9rus. Six (42,9%) patients avaient eu accouchement pr\ue9terme. Age moyen gestational pendant accouchement \ue9tait 33,4 semaines. Parmi les trieze accouchements, neuf soit 69,2% avaient eu la c\ue9sarienne et quatre soit 30,48% ont accouch\ue9 par vaginam. Un total de trente neuf b\ue9b\ue9s ont \ue9t\ue9 accouch\ue9s, trente quatre soit 87,2% b\ue9b\ue9s suvivent et cinq soit 12,8% morts. Mortalit\ue9 p\ue9rinatale \ue9tait 11,9% et le taux de \uab take home \ubb b\ue9b\ue9 \ue9tait 81%. Conclusion: Des soins ant\ue9nataux avec initiation des soins pr\ue9nataux sp\ue9cialis\ue9s et accouchement bien organis\ue9 dans la gestation tripl\ue9e am\ue9loire le r\ue9sultat fetal