56,929 research outputs found
Distributions of Long-Lived Radioactive Nuclei Provided by Star Forming Environments
Radioactive nuclei play an important role in planetary evolution by providing
an internal heat source, which affects planetary structure and helps facilitate
plate tectonics. A minimum level of nuclear activity is thought to be necessary
--- but not sufficient --- for planets to be habitable. Extending previous work
that focused on short-lived nuclei, this paper considers the delivery of
long-lived radioactive nuclei to circumstellar disks in star forming regions.
Although the long-lived nuclear species are always present, their abundances
can be enhanced through multiple mechanisms. Most stars form in embedded
cluster environments, so that disks can be enriched directly by intercepting
ejecta from supernovae within the birth clusters. In addition, molecular clouds
often provide multiple episodes of star formation, so that nuclear abundances
can accumulate within the cloud; subsequent generations of stars can thus
receive elevated levels of radioactive nuclei through this distributed
enrichment scenario. This paper calculates the distribution of additional
enrichment for K, the most abundant of the long-lived radioactive
nuclei. We find that distributed enrichment is more effective than direct
enrichment. For the latter mechanism, ideal conditions lead to about 1 in 200
solar systems being directly enriched in K at the level inferred for the
early solar nebula (thereby doubling the abundance). For distributed enrichment
from adjacent clusters, about 1 in 80 solar systems are enriched at the same
level. Distributed enrichment over the entire molecular cloud is more
uncertain, but can be even more effective.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Ravenâs Work in Tlingit Ethno-geography
Chapter in the publication: Holton, Gary and Thomas F.Thornton. (Eds.) Language and Toponymy in Alaska and Beyond: Papers in Honor of James Kari. Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication no. 17. Honolulu: University of Hawaiâi Press.Ye
The Ultimate Halo Mass in a LCDM Universe
In the far future of an accelerating LCDM cosmology, the cosmic web of
large-scale structure consists of a set of increasingly isolated halos in
dynamical equilibrium. We examine the approach of collisionless dark matter to
hydrostatic equilibrium using a large N-body simulation evolved to scale factor
a = 100, well beyond the vacuum--matter equality epoch, a_eq ~ 0.75, and 53/h
Gyr into the future for a concordance model universe (Omega_m ~ 0.3,
Omega_Lambda ~ 0.7). The radial phase-space structure of halos -- characterized
at a < a_eq by a pair of zero-velocity surfaces that bracket a dynamically
active accretion region -- simplifies at a > 10 a_eq when these surfaces merge
to create a single zero-velocity surface, clearly defining the halo outer
boundary, rhalo, and its enclosed mass, mhalo. This boundary approaches a fixed
physical size encompassing a mean interior density ~ 5 times the critical
density, similar to the turnaround value in a classical Einstein-deSitter
model. We relate mhalo to other scales currently used to define halo mass
(m200, mvir, m180b) and find that m200 is approximately half of the total
asymptotic cluster mass, while m180b follows the evolution of the inner zero
velocity surface for a < 2 but becomes much larger than the total bound mass
for a > 3. The radial density profile of all bound halo material is well fit by
a truncated Hernquist profile. An NFW profile provides a somewhat better fit
interior to r200 but is much too shallow in the range r200 < r < rhalo.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to MNRAS letter
Japan's Persistent Trade Surplus: Policies for Adjustment
While part of the recent increase in the Japanese trade surplus can be attributed to the Japanese recession, the surplus has widened despite the appreciation of the yen and enactment of policies to open Japanese markets. We review the trade surplus issue in the light of theories of trade and current account adjustment. We evaluate the potential for exchange appreciation and Japanese fiscal policy to reduce the imbalance, estimating their effects using simulations of the NIRA-LINK model of the US-Japan-world economy. The simulations show that moderate use of macropolicies would not be sufficient to eliminate the trade imbalance.Japanese trade surplus, econometric simulations
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