21 research outputs found
The relation of the true conjugate to maternal height and obstetric performance in Ghanaians
The true conjugate was determined intraoperatively with a caliper in 114 Ghanaian women and was correlated with their height, obstetric performance and fetal dimensions. Those patients undergoing cesarean section for cephalopelvic disproportion (Group Ia) were found to have a significantly shorter mean true conjugate (9.54 cm +/- 0.63 S.D.) and mean body height (152.68 cm +/- 5.46 S.D.) and a smaller true conjugate -- fetal biparietal diameter difference (10.93 mm) than those who had no cephalopelvic disproportion (Group Ib) and whose mean measurements were 10.61 cm +/- 0.81 S.D., 157.20 cm +/- 5.69 S.D. and 21.50 mm, respectively (P = 0.0001). Recommendations for appropriate referral of rural clinic patients and for selection of patients for repeat cesarean sections are based on the above findings.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28033/1/0000472.pd
Parental Height Differences Predict the Need for an Emergency Caesarean Section
More than 30% of all pregnancies in the UK require some form of assistance at delivery, with one of the more severe forms of assistance being an emergency Caesarean section (ECS). Previously it has been shown that the likelihood of a delivery via ECS is positively associated with the birth weight and size of the newborn and negatively with maternal height. Paternal height affects skeletal growth and mass of the fetus, and thus might also affect pregnancy outcomes. We hypothesized that the effect of newborn birth weight on the risk of ECS would decrease with increasing maternal height. Similarly, we predicted that there would be an increase in ECS risk as a function of paternal height, but that this effect would be relative to maternal height (i.e., parental height differences). We used data from the Millennium Cohort Study: a large-scale survey (N = 18,819 births) with data on babies born and their parents from the United Kingdom surveyed 9 to 12-months after birth. We found that in primiparous women, both maternal height and parental height differences interacted with birth weight and predicted the likelihood of an ECS. When carrying a heavy newborn, the risk of ECS was more than doubled for short women (46.3%) compared to tall women (21.7%), in agreement with earlier findings. For women of average height carrying a heavy newborn while having a relatively short compared to tall partner reduced the risk by 6.7%. In conclusion, the size of the baby, the height of the mother and parental height differences affect the likelihood of an ECS in primiparous women
Association between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence and age at menarche in different geographic latitudes
BACKGROUND: Age at menarche is considered a reliable prognostic factor for idiopathic scoliosis and varies in different geographic latitudes. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence has also been reported to be different in various latitudes and demonstrates higher values in northern countries. A study on epidemiological reports from the literature was conducted to investigate a possible association between prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and age at menarche among normal girls in various geographic latitudes. An attempt is also made to implicate a possible role of melatonin in the above association. MATERIAL-METHODS: 20 peer-reviewed published papers reporting adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence and 33 peer-reviewed papers reporting age at menarche in normal girls from most geographic areas of the northern hemisphere were retrieved from the literature. The geographic latitude of each centre where a particular study was originated was documented. The statistical analysis included regression of the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence and age at menarche by latitude. RESULTS: The regression of prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and age at menarche by latitude is statistically significant (p < 0.001) and are following a parallel declining course of their regression curves, especially in latitudes northern than 25 degrees. CONCLUSION: Late age at menarche is parallel with higher prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Pubarche appears later in girls that live in northern latitudes and thus prolongs the period of spine vulnerability while other pre-existing or aetiological factors are contributing to the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A possible role of geography in the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis is discussed, as it appears that latitude which differentiates the sunlight influences melatonin secretion and modifies age at menarche, which is associated to the prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis
Chemotaxis Increases the Retention of Bacteria in Porous Media with Residual NAPL Entrapment
Chemotaxis has the potential to decrease
the persistence of nonaqueous
phase liquid (NAPL) contaminants in aquifers by allowing pollutant-degrading
bacteria to move toward sources of contamination and thus influence
dissolution. This experimental study investigated the migratory response
of chemotactic bacteria to a distribution of residual NAPL ganglia
entrapped within a laboratory-scale sand column under continuous-flow
at a superficial velocity of 0.05 cm/min. Naphthalene dissolved in
a model NAPL 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane partitioned into the
aqueous phase to create localized chemoattractant gradients throughout
the column. A pulse mixture of equal concentrations of <i>Pseudomonas
putida</i> G7, a strain chemotactic to naphthalene, and <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> G7 Y1, a nonchemotactic mutant, was introduced
to the column and effluent bacterial concentrations were measured
with time. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) for the two strains were noticeably
different upon visual inspection. Differences in BTCs (compared to
nonchemotactic controls) were quantified in terms of percent recovery
and were statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.01).
Chemotaxis reduced percent recovery in the effluent by 45% thereby
increasing the population of bacteria that were retained within the
column in the vicinity of residual NAPL contaminants. An increase
in flow rate to a superficial velocity of 0.25 cm/min did not diminish
cell retention associated with the chemotactic effect
Modeling Transport of Chemotactic Bacteria in Granular Media with Distributed Contaminant Sources
Chemotaxis
has the potential to improve bioremediation strategies
by enhancing the transport of pollutant-degrading bacteria to the
source of contamination, leading to increased pollutant accessibility
and biodegradation. This computational study extends work reported
previously in the literature to include predictions of chemotactic
bacterial migration in response to multiple localized contaminant
sources within porous media. An advection-dispersion model, in which
chemotaxis was represented explicitly as an additional advection-like
term, was employed to simulate the transport of bacteria within a
sand-packed column containing a distribution of chemoattractant sources.
Simulation results provided insight into attractant and bacterial
distributions within the column. In particular, it was found that
chemotactic bacteria exhibited a distinct biased migration toward
contaminant sources that resulted in a 30% decrease in cell recovery,
and concomitantly an enhanced retention within the sand column, compared
to the nonchemotactic control. Model results were consistent with
experimental observations. Parametric studies were conducted to provide
insight into the influence of chemotaxis parameters on bacterial migration
and cell percent recovery. The model results provide a better understanding
of the effect of chemotaxis on bacterial transport in response to
distributed contaminant sources
Chemotaxis Increases the Residence Time of Bacteria in Granular Media Containing Distributed Contaminant Sources
The
use of chemotactic bacteria in bioremediation has the potential
to increase access to, and the biotransformation of, contaminant mass
within the subsurface. This laboratory-scale study aimed to understand
and quantify the influence of chemotaxis on the residence times of
pollutant-degrading bacteria within homogeneous treatment zones. Focus
was placed on a continuous-flow sand-packed column in which a uniform
distribution of naphthalene crystals created distributed sources of
dissolved-phase contaminant. A 10 mL pulse of Pseudomonas
putida G7, which is chemotactic to naphthalene, and Pseudomonas putida G7 Y1, a nonchemotactic mutant
strain, were simultaneously introduced into the sand-packed column
at equal concentrations. Breakthrough curves obtained from experiments
conducted with and without naphthalene were used to quantify the effect
of chemotaxis on transport parameters. In the presence of the chemoattractant,
longitudinal dispersion of <i>Pp</i>G7 increased by a factor
of 3, and percent recovery decreased by 43%. In contrast, <i>Pp</i>G7 Y1 transport was not influenced by the presence of
naphthalene. The results imply that pore-scale chemotaxis responses
are evident at an interstitial velocity of 1.8 m/day, which is within
the range of typical groundwater flow. Within the context of bioremediation,
chemotaxis may work to enhance bacterial residence times in zones
of contamination, thereby improving treatment
Sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis: Testing a new hypothesis
Sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis is inferentially related to parturition. Investigators disagree about the identification and obstetric significance of pelvic dimorphism. Benefiting from a large sample of complete skeletons from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection, we show that the dimensions of the true pelvis (birth canal) that are most sexually dimorphic (that is, the dimensions of females are greater than males) are those which are related to biparietal deformation, which often leads to the death of the human neonate. These dimensions are: the anteroposterior diameter of the inlet (index of dimorphism=108.41), the transverse diameter of the bispinous midplane (index of dimorphism=117.13) and the transverse diameter of the outlet (index of dimorphism=112.3). Therefore, sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis is a reflection of differential selection on the two sexes. These results may stimulate further studies with a fresh approach regarding the fossil and comparative evidence for when and how the modern pattern of birth has evolved.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7GW4-4GG8W5B-1/1/d5a210bbbf111453aceef7b3895130c