La probable composición del inventario ganadero de la expedición de Gonzalo Pizarro al País de la Canela (Una contribución a la crítica de las fuentes históricas)

Dentro de nuestros estudios en torno de la temprana exploración de la región amazónica (expedición de Gonzalo Pizarro y Francisco Orellana) han aparecido informaciones, en diferentes fuentes del siglo XVI, sobre grandes números de animales (caballos, perros, llamas y cerdos) que acompañaron al equipo de Pizarro en su salida de Quito (1540/1541). La magnitud de rebaños nos llamó tanta atención que nos propusimos verificar la veracidad de estas informaciones, recurriendo tanto a las fuentes históricas como, por cierto muy escasas, aportaciones contemporáneas. Como resultado salieron hartas dudas en cuanto a las informaciones mencionadas, particularmente a raíz de tratar de dilucidar la cuestión de la introducción de los animales europeos, con el propósito de su crianza, en el Nuevo Mundo

The expedition of Francisco de Orellana and the exploration of the Amazon River as far as its mouth at the Atlantic : about the value of the source report of Gaspar de Carvajal

In this article, we undertake some problems which are practically absent in Polish studies. It is the expedition led by Francisco de Orellana, who, after eight months of risky navigation and having overcome innumerable obstacles, managed to reach the Atlantic, crossing a completely unknown river. The article focalise on plausibility of the main source that regards to the study of the exploration of Orellana, that is, the story of the eyewitness, the Dominican Gaspar de Carvajal. The verification of this source is based on a detailed study of the geographic points of reference that we find in this narration, showing that Carvajal’s manuscript can be considered a trustworthy source of information. Some additional studies complete the true profile of that episode of the history of the New World.Nuestra aportación aborda una problemática prácticamente ausente en la bibliografía polaca. Se trata de la expedición dirigida por Francisco de Orellana, quien, tras ocho meses de una arriesgada navegación y superación de innumerables obstáculos, logró llegar, recorriendo un río completamente desconocido, al Atlántico. Nuestra publicación se dedica por completo al problema de la verosimilitud de la principal fuente correspondiente al estudio de la exploración de Orellana, es decir el relato del testigo ocular, el dominico Gaspar de Carvajal. La verificación de esta fuente la basamos en un concienzudo estudio de los puntos geográficos de referencia que encontramos en esta narración, mostrando que el manuscrito de Carvajal se puede considerar como una fuente digna de confianza. Lectura de algunos estudios adicionales completa el verdadero perfil de aquel episodio de la historia del Nuevo Mundo

Coloquios apostólicos de fray Bernardino de Sahagún — observaciones preliminares

Apostles Coloquios of Bernardino de Sahagún — preliminary remarks The article focuses on the presentation of the circumstances of creating and the content of the so-called Libro de Coloquios by Bernardino de Sahagún, in full measure. The book was known already in the 17th century and was mentioned in Bibliografia mexicana del siglo XVI by Joaquin García Icazbalceta. The author minutely relates how the book of Sahagún was found in the 20th century and talks about the main publications concerned with it. Then, he deals with the problem of the language of the source which was at the service of Sahagún in his book composing. The author shows that this source could have been written only in Náhuatl language, given the conditions taking place in Mexico in 1524. Finally, the author presents the situation in which Franciscan, Dominican and Augustinian orders found themselves when serious conflicts between them and institutionalized church power as well as colonial and imperial secular power began to grow since the second half of the 16th century.Apostles Coloquios of Bernardino de Sahagún — preliminary remarks The article focuses on the presentation of the circumstances of creating and the content of the so-called Libro de Coloquios by Bernardino de Sahagún, in full measure. The book was known already in the 17th century and was mentioned in Bibliografia mexicana del siglo XVI by Joaquin García Icazbalceta. The author minutely relates how the book of Sahagún was found in the 20th century and talks about the main publications concerned with it. Then, he deals with the problem of the language of the source which was at the service of Sahagún in his book composing. The author shows that this source could have been written only in Náhuatl language, given the conditions taking place in Mexico in 1524. Finally, the author presents the situation in which Franciscan, Dominican and Augustinian orders found themselves when serious conflicts between them and institutionalized church power as well as colonial and imperial secular power began to grow since the second half of the 16th century

El salmo 59 como base de la interpretación apocalíptico-milenarista de la misión fundadora de los franciscanos en Nueva España

 Psalm 59 as the basis of apocalyptic-millenaries interpretation of in New Spain Franciscans the founder’s missionArticle treat about the criticism of sources. In this case it comes to appeal to the Spanish chroniclers Motolinii and Mendieta to Psalm 59. In Mendieta comes to special translate a fragment of the same psalm, which is one of the foundations of apocalyptic-millenaries interpretation of the Franciscan missions in Mexico in the first half of the sixteenth century.Using specific translating tools we show that the said base includes acceptance of confusion mentioned Psalm, which allows us to identify the specific validity of source criticism. It should be mentioned that the analysis of a fragment of Psalm 59, which in this context is the first to carry out the extensive literature on the subject, both when it comes to apocalyptic-millenaries perception of Franciscan spirituality among the missionaries operating in New Spain including Phelan, Baudot as well as the critics of such perception Lino Canedo, Andrés Martín, Zaballa Beascoechea. Psalm 59 as the basis of apocalyptic-millenaries interpretation of in New Spain Franciscans the founder’s missionArticle treat about the criticism of sources. In this case it comes to appeal to the Spanish chroniclers Motolinii and Mendieta to Psalm 59. In Mendieta comes to special translate a fragment of the same psalm, which is one of the foundations of apocalyptic-millenaries interpretation of the Franciscan missions in Mexico in the first half of the sixteenth century.Using specific translating tools we show that the said base includes acceptance of confusion mentioned Psalm, which allows us to identify the specific validity of source criticism. It should be mentioned that the analysis of a fragment of Psalm 59, which in this context is the first to carry out the extensive literature on the subject, both when it comes to apocalyptic-millenaries perception of Franciscan spirituality among the missionaries operating in New Spain including Phelan, Baudot as well as the critics of such perception Lino Canedo, Andrés Martín, Zaballa Beascoechea

Poesía náhuatl: arqueología de una tradición oral

The poetry of náhuatl – the archeology of oral traditionOur work is concentrated on the problem that could be defined as an emerging “manner entity/ existence” of poetry náhuatl. Our analysis reconstructs forms of writing in the area of náhuatl culture such as pictographic letters, events, history, myths, dates, etc. in order to answer the question if solidification of literature created in the Mesoamerican area, like songs, religious and ritual hymns, and above all poetry was possible with employment of said type of letter. Literature, which existed without doubt, is attested by piles of documents e.g. manuscripts, chronicles, etc.. Furthermore, the phenomenon of oral tradition is analysed here because sometimes it seems to be the only way of preserving stories, poetry and traditions.The poetry of náhuatl – the archeology of oral traditionOur work is concentrated on the problem that could be defined as an emerging “manner entity/ existence” of poetry náhuatl. Our analysis reconstructs forms of writing in the area of náhuatl culture such as pictographic letters, events, history, myths, dates, etc. in order to answer the question if solidification of literature created in the Mesoamerican area, like songs, religious and ritual hymns, and above all poetry was possible with employment of said type of letter. Literature, which existed without doubt, is attested by piles of documents e.g. manuscripts, chronicles, etc.. Furthermore, the phenomenon of oral tradition is analysed here because sometimes it seems to be the only way of preserving stories, poetry and traditions