Characterisation of Phaseolus coccineus interspecific germplasm accessions for disease resistance, grain market class and yield attributes

Sister species of the common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are an attractive genetic resource to broaden the genetic base of this crop, especially for adaptation to extreme environments. The runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) in particular, has been shown to contribute to disease resistance and tolerance to low soil fertility, and has been used to introduce these traits into the common bean. The objective of this study was to identify germplasm with agronomic traits suitable for cultivation from an interspecific population (Phaseolus coccineus G35346 x P. vulgaris; SER 16) of 186 bush lines. The lines, coded ALB and one yield check, CAL96, were field evaluated for three rain seasons; 2011a (March-June), 2011b (September-November) and 2012 (March-June) at the National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL)-Kawanda, Uganda. Artificial inoculum of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) was applied to the field experiment in 2011a. The morphological (seed type and growth habit) and agronomic attributes (plant vigour, days to physiological maturity; DPM and days to 50% flowering; DF), reaction to occurring diseases and yield performance were monitored. The lines including root rot resistant and susceptible checks; MLB-49-89A, RWR 719 and CAL 96, were also subjected to inoculum of two major root rot pathogens; Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli (isolate FSP3) and Pythium ultimum (isolate MS61) under screen house conditions to select for root rot resistance. Results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) among the interspecific lines for the parameters measured. Days to flowering and to DPM ranged from 31-39 and 81-86, respectively. Field disease pressure was generally low, but in general, 50% of the lines had yield above the mean; while 8% maintained above average yield in all seasons. The superior lines included; ALB169 (mean yield 2,564 kg ha-1), ALB214 (mean yield 2,125 kg ha-1), ALB196 (mean yield 2,084 kg ha-1), ALB5 (2,062 kg ha-1), ALB152 (2,016 kg ha-1), and ALB179 (2011 kg ha-1), compared to the check CAL96 (1,607 kg ha-1). These lines, except ALB169 and ALB179, were resistant root rot. More lines expressed resistance to Fusarium than to Pythium root rot, with 21.5% showing resistance to both root rot isolates. Over 91% of the lines were small or medium seeded (< 35.0 g per 100 seeds), with red monochrome seed pattern; characteristics that are important for farmer acceptance.Les esp\ue8ces s\u153urs du haricot commun ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sont une ressource g\ue9n\ue9tique attractive pour accro\ueetre la base g\ue9n\ue9tique de la culture, sp\ue9cialement pour adaptation aux environnements extr\ueames. Le haricot rampant (Phaseolus coccineus) en particulier, contribue \ue0 la r\ue9sistance contre la maladie et \ue0 la tol\ue9rance \ue0 la faible fertilit\ue9 du sol de, et a \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9 pour introgresser ces traits dans le haricot commun. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019identifier le germplasm avec des traits agronomiques favorable \ue0 la culture d\u2019une population intersp\ue9cifique (Phaseolus coccineus G35346 x P. vulgaris; SER 16) d\u2019une s\ue9rie de 186 lign\ue9es. Les lign\ue9es le ALB cod\ue9 sur le rendement de contr\uf4le, CAL96, \ue9taient \ue9valu\ue9es pendants trois saisons pluvieuses 2011a (Mars-Juin), 2011b (Septembre-Novembre) et 2012 (Mars-Juin) aux laboratoires Nationaux des Recherches Agricoles (NARL)-Kawanda, Ouganda. L\u2019inoculation artificielle du virus mosa\uefque (BCMV) du haricot commun \ue9tait appliqu\ue9e aux exp\ue9rimentations du champ en 2011a. Les attributs morphologiques (type de graines et l\u2019habitude de croissance) et agronomiques (vigueur de plant, le nombre de jours de maturit\ue9 physiologique, DPM et le nombre de jours de 50% de floraison\ua0; DF)\ua0; la r\ue9action \ue0 l\u2019apparition de maladies et la performance de rendement \ue9taient suivis. Les lign\ue9es comportant des contr\uf4les r\ue9sistants et susceptibles \ue0 la pourriture des racines; MLB-49-89A, RWR 719 et CAL 96, \ue9taient aussi sujets \ue0 l\u2019inoculum de deux pathog\ue8nes majeurs causant la pourriture des racines\ua0; Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli (isolat FSP3) et Pythium ultimum (isolat MS61) sous les conditions de la serre afin de s\ue9lectionner pour la r\ue9sistance contre la pourriture des racines. Les r\ue9sultats ont indiqu\ue9 de diff\ue9rences significatives (P<0.05) entre les lign\ue9es intersp\ue9cifiques pour les param\ue8tres mesur\ue9s. Le nombre de jours de floraison et DPM ont vari\ue9 entre 31-39 et 81-86, respectivement. La pression des maladies du champ \ue9tait g\ue9n\ue9ralement faible, mais en g\ue9n\ue9ral, 50% des lign\ue9es ont eu un rendement au-dessus de la moyenne\ua0; alors que 8% ont maintenu leur rendement au-del\ue0 pendant toutes les saisons. Les lign\ue9es sup\ue9rieures comprenaient\ua0; ALB169 (rendement moyen 2 564 kg ha-1), ALB214 (rendement moyen 2 125 kg ha-1), ALB196 (rendement moyen 2 084 kg ha-1), ALB5 (2 062 kg ha-1), ALB152 (2 016 kg ha-1), et ALB179 (2011 kg ha-1), compar\ue9es aux contr\uf4les CAL96 (1 607 kg ha-1). Ces lign\ue9es, \ue0 l\u2019exception d\u2019ALB169 et ALB179, \ue9taient r\ue9sistantes \ue0 la pourriture de la racine. De nombreuses lign\ue9es ont exprim\ue9 leur r\ue9sistance \ue0 la pourriture de racines due au Fusarium qu\u2019au Pythium, avec 21.5% montrant leur r\ue9sistance aux deux isolats de pourriture de racines. En plus, 91% des lign\ue9es ont de petites ou moyennes graines (< 35.0 g par 100 graines), avec une monochrome rouge de motif germinal\ua0; des caract\ue9ristiques qui sont importantes pour l\u2019acceptation du producteur

Resistance of andean beans and advanced breeding lines to root rots in Uganda

Root rots cause severe yield losses of up to >70% in common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in most parts of the world, with devastating effects on the major commercial bean cultivars in East and Central Africa. Increased intensity of droughts and rains, and higher temperatures influence the occurrence and distribution of root rots, resulting in increased epidemics. The causal pathogens tend to occur in a complex, and since most cultivars do not have broad resistance, adverse effects continue to occur. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of dual resistance of new breeding lines (BL) developed for root rot resistance, as well as Andean (ADP) genotypes, for resistance to Fusarium (FRR) and Pythium root rots (PRR). Altogether, 316 new BL developed for root rot resistance and 295 ADP bean genotypes were evaluated at Kawanda in Uganda. There were significant differences (P<0.05) among genotypes for both root rots and yield. Thirty and 1.9 percent of the BL and ADP genotypes expressed resistance to both root rots. In addition, more than 80% of ADP genotypes showed susceptibility to both root rots. Yield was generally poor with means of 458 kg ha-1 for ADP, and ranging from 949 to 1075 kg ha-1 for the BL groups. Nonetheless, the 0.3 and 2.4% of the ADP and BL that yielded >2000 kg ha-1 expressed high yield potential, considering that majority of the genotypes yielded below 1000 kg ha-1.Les pourritures des raciness de haricot ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) causent plus 70% de pertes de rendement allant dans la plupart des r\ue9gions du monde, avec des effets d\ue9vastateurs sur les principaux cultivars de haricots commerciaux en Afrique orientale et centrale. L\u2019 augmentation de l\u2018 intensit\ue9 des s\ue9cheresses et des precipitations et les temp\ue9ratures plus \ue9lev\ue9es influencent l\u2019apparition et la distribution des pourritures des racines, ce qui entra\ueene une augmentation des \ue9pid\ue9mies. Les agents pathog\ue8nes causaux ont tendance d\u2018 appara\ueetre dans un complexe, et comme la plupart des cultivars n\u2019ont pas une large r\ue9sistance, des effets ind\ue9sirables continuent d\u2018 appara\ueetre. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019\ue9valuer les niveaux de double r\ue9sistance des nouvelles lign\ue9es de s\ue9lection (BL) d\ue9velopp\ue9es pour la r\ue9sistance \ue0 la pourriture des racines, ainsi que les g\ue9notypes andins (ADP), pour la r\ue9sistance \ue0 la pourriture des raciness caus\ue9e par Fusarium (FRR) et Pythium (PRR). Au total de 316 nouveaux BL d\ue9velopp\ue9s pour la r\ue9sistance \ue0 la pourriture des racines et 295 g\ue9notypes de haricot ADP ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9valu\ue9s \ue0 Kawanda en Ouganda. Il y avait des diff\ue9rences significatives (P <0,05) entre les g\ue9notypes pour les pourritures des racines et le rendement. Trente et 1,9 pour cent des g\ue9notypes BL et ADP ont montr\ue9 une r\ue9sistance pour deux raciness pourries. De plus, plus de 80% des g\ue9notypes d\u2019ADP ont montr\ue9 une susceptibilit\ue9 pour deux raciness pourries. Le rendement \ue9tait g\ue9n\ue9ralement m\ue9diocre avec des moyennes de 458 kg ha-1 pour l\u2019ADP, et allant de 949 \ue0 1075 kg ha-1 pour les groupes BL. N\ue9anmoins, les 0,3 et 2,4% d\u2019ADP et de BL qui ont donn\ue9 plus de 2000 kg ha-1 ont montr\ue9 un potentiel de rendement \ue9lev\ue9, \ue9tant donn\ue9 que la majorit\ue9 des g\ue9notypes ont produit moins de 1000 kg ha-1

Development of white common beans for the processing industry in East Africa: Adaptability, resistance to selected diseases, cooking time and canning quality

Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) provides dietary protein, energy, fiber, and micronutrients, especially iron and zinc to over 800 million people in Africa and Latin America. The crop has various seed types. White beans are very popular for the processing industry. This study aimed to investigate the agronomic performance, canning quality, cooking time (COOKT) and response to root rots ( Fusarium cuneirostrum and Pythium ultimum ) and angular leaf spot (ALS; Pseudocercospora griseola ) diseases among 151 drought tolerant small and large seeded white bean genotypes from trials conducted between 2013 to 2018 in East Africa. Significant (P<0.001) differences existed among the genotypes for response to the three pathogens, COOKT and canning quality traits. Resistance to each of the pathogens was expressed in 24-75% of the genotypes, while dual resistance to any two pairs of the pathogens occurred in 10-44% of the genotypes. Four genotypes; ICNBunsixSxB405/4C-1C-1C-88, RAZ-11, ETSNAP18 and ETSNAP3 expressed resistance to the three pathogens but had COOKT of 46-56 minutes (based on a Matson cooker), and below average canning quality. They are recommended as sources of diseases resistance but could be further improved for COOKT and canning quality. Sixty-eight genotypes had COOKT <50 minutes while 24 expressed good to excellent visual canning quality. Some phenotypes: RAZ-120, RAZ36-Caballero, NavyLine-60, NavyLine-25, ZABR16573-25F22, ZABR16575-60F22, ETSNAP33, Bifortsmallseeded-15 and ZABR16574-37F22, that were cooked in <45 minutes, exhibited good to excellent canning quality and expressed resistant to intermediate diseases resistance responses. These may be used as parental lines and/or fast tracked for variety release through regional trials.Le haricot commun ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fournit des prot\ue9ines alimentaires, de l\u2019\ue9nergie, des fibres et des micronutriments, en particulier du fer et du zinc \ue0 plus de 800 millions de personnes en Afrique et en Am\ue9rique latine. La culture a divers types des graines, mais les haricots blancs sont tr\ue8s populaires dans l\u2019industrie de la transformation. Cette \ue9tude visait \ue0 \ue9tudier la qualit\ue9 agronomique et de mise en conserve, le temps de cuisson et la r\ue9ponse des haricots blancs aux pourritures des racines et \ue0 la tache angulaire (ALS, angular leaf spot) qui provoquent des pertes de rendement importantes dans la production des haricots en Afrique de l\u2019Est. Les haricots \ue0 petites et grandes graines am\ue9lior\ue9s pour la tol\ue9rance \ue0 la s\ue9cheresse ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9valu\ue9s de 2013 \ue0 2018. Des diff\ue9rences significatives (P<0,001) existaient entre les 151 g\ue9notypes pour la r\ue9ponse \ue0 trois agents pathog\ue8nes ( Fusarium cuneirostrum , Pythium ultimum and Pseudocercospora griseola ), le temps de cuisson et les caract\ue9ristiques de qualit\ue9 de mise en conserve. Il \ue9tait possible de s\ue9lectionner une r\ue9sistance \ue0 la maladie simple, double et triple. La r\ue9sistance \ue0 chacun des agents pathog\ue8nes a \ue9t\ue9 exprim\ue9e dans 24 \ue0 75 % des g\ue9notypes ; tandis qu\u2019une double r\ue9sistance \ue0 deux paires des agents pathog\ue8nes s\u2019est produite dans 10 \ue0 44 % des g\ue9notypes. Les quatre g\ue9notypes ; ICNBunsixSxB405/4C-1C-1C-88, RAZ-11, ETSNAP18 et ETSNAP3 qui ont exprim\ue9 une r\ue9sistance \ue0 trois agents pathog\ue8nes ont \ue9t\ue9 cuits en 46-56 minutes et sont recommand\ue9s comme sources de r\ue9sistance pour la reproduction, mais pourraient \ueatre encore am\ue9lior\ue9s pour une cuisson rapide et la qualit\ue9 de la mise en conserve \ue9tant donn\ue9 qu\u2019une qualit\ue9 g\ue9n\ue9rale de mise en conserve inf\ue9rieure \ue0 la moyenne a \ue9t\ue9 observ\ue9e. Les soixante-huit g\ue9notypes ont \ue9t\ue9 cuits en moins de 50 minutes tandis que 24 exprimaient une qualit\ue9 visuelle de mise en conserve bonne \ue0 excellente. Les g\ue9notypes comme RAZ-120, RAZ36-Caballero, NavyLine-60, NavyLine-25, ZABR16573-25F22, ZABR16575-60F22, ETSNAP33, Bifortsmallseed-15 et ZABR16574-37F22, cuits en moins de 45 minutes, pr\ue9sentaient une bonne \ue0 excellente mise en conserve la qualit\ue9 et la r\ue9sistance \ue0 une r\ue9ponse interm\ue9diaire aux maladies \ue9valu\ue9es ont \ue9t\ue9 recommand\ue9es \ue0 des fins de s\ue9lection et pour une \ue9valuation plus approfondie en vue d\u2019une promotion \ue9ventuelle

A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics for Miscarriage Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgical intervention is needed in some cases of spontaneous abortion to remove retained products of conception. Antibiotic prophylaxis may reduce the risk of pelvic infection, which is an important complication of this surgery, particularly in low-resource countries. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial investigating whether antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery to complete a spontaneous abortion would reduce pelvic infection among women and adolescents in low-resource countries. We randomly assigned patients to a single preoperative dose of 400 mg of oral doxycycline and 400 mg of oral metronidazole or identical placebos. The primary outcome was pelvic infection within 14 days after surgery. Pelvic infection was defined by the presence of two or more of four clinical features (purulent vaginal discharge, pyrexia, uterine tenderness, and leukocytosis) or by the presence of one of these features and the clinically identified need to administer antibiotics. The definition of pelvic infection was changed before the unblinding of the data; the original strict definition was two or more of the clinical features, without reference to the administration of antibiotics. RESULTS: We enrolled 3412 patients in Malawi, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Uganda. A total of 1705 patients were assigned to receive antibiotics and 1707 to receive placebo. The risk of pelvic infection was 4.1% (68 of 1676 pregnancies) in the antibiotics group and 5.3% (90 of 1684 pregnancies) in the placebo group (risk ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 1.04; P = 0.09). Pelvic infection according to original strict criteria was diagnosed in 1.5% (26 of 1700 pregnancies) and 2.6% (44 of 1704 pregnancies), respectively (risk ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.96). There were no significant between-group differences in adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prophylaxis before miscarriage surgery did not result in a significantly lower risk of pelvic infection, as defined by pragmatic broad criteria, than placebo. (Funded by the Medical Research Council and others; AIMS Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN97143849.)

A randomized controlled trial to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of a nurse-led Antenatal Asthma Management Service in South Australia (AAMS study)

Background: Pregnancy presents a unique situation for the management of asthma as it can alter the course of asthma severity and its treatment, which in turn can affect pregnancy outcomes. Despite awareness of the substantial adverse effects associated with asthma during pregnancy, little has been done to improve its management and reduce associated perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of an Antenatal Asthma Management Service. Methods/design: Design: Multicentre, randomized controlled trial. Inclusion criteria: Women with physician diagnosed asthma, which is not currently in remission, who are less than 20 weeks gestation with a singleton pregnancy and do not have a chronic medical condition. Trial entry and randomization: Eligible women with asthma, stratified by treatment site, disease severity and parity, will be randomized into either the ‘Standard Care Group’ or the ‘Intervention Group’. Study groups: Both groups will be followed prospectively throughout pregnancy. Women in the ‘Standard Care Group’ will receive routine obstetric care reflecting current clinical practice in Australian hospitals. Women in the ‘Intervention Group’ will receive additional care through the nurse-led Antenatal Asthma Management Service, based in the antenatal outpatient clinic. Women will receive asthma education with a full assessment of their asthma at 18, 24, 30 and 36 weeks gestation. Each antenatal visit will include a 60 min session where asthma management skills are assessed including: medication adherence and knowledge, inhaler device technique, recognition of asthma deterioration and possession of a written asthma action plan. Furthermore, subjects will receive education about asthma control and management skills including trigger avoidance and smoking cessation counseling when appropriate. Primary study outcome: Asthma exacerbations during pregnancy. Sample size: A sample size of 378 women will be sufficient to show an absolute reduction in asthma exacerbations during pregnancy of 20% (alpha 0.05 two-tailed, 90% power, 5% loss to follow-up). Discussion: The integration of an asthma education program within the antenatal clinic setting has the significant potential to improve the participation of pregnant women in the self-management of their asthma, reduce asthma exacerbations and improve perinatal health outcomes.Luke E Grzeskowiak, Gustaaf Dekker, Karen Rivers, Kate Roberts-Thomson, Anil Roy, Brian Smith, Jeffery Bowden, Robert Bryce, Michael Davies, Justin Beilby, Anne Wilson, Philippa Middleton, Richard Ruffin, Jonathan Karnon, Vicki L Clifton and for the AAMS study grou

A latent growth curve model to estimate electronic screen use patterns amongst adolescents aged 10 to 17 years

Background: High quality, longitudinal data describing young people's screen use across a number of distinct forms of screen activity is missing from the literature. This study tracked multiple screen use activities (passive screen use, gaming, social networking, web searching) amongst 10- to 17-year-old adolescents across 24 months. Methods: This study tracked the screen use of 1948 Australian students in Grade 5 (n = 636), Grade 7 (n = 672), and Grade 9 (n = 640) for 24 months. At approximately six-month intervals, students reported their total screen time as well as time spent on social networking, passive screen use, gaming, and web use. Patterns of screen use were determined using latent growth curve modelling. Results: In the Grades 7 and 9 cohorts, girls generally reported more screen use than boys (by approximately one hour a day), though all cohorts of boys reported more gaming. The different forms of screen use were remarkably stable, though specific cohorts showed change for certain forms of screen activity. Conclusion: These results highlight the diverse nature of adolescent screen use and emphasise the need to consider both grade and sex in future research and policy