Lodo de esgoto como fonte de nitrogênio e fósforo no cultivo de cana-planta e da primeira cana-soca

The use of sewage sludge in Brazilian agriculture was regulated by the resolution no. 375 Conama, in 2006. However, there is a lack of research to adequate the mineral N and P fertilizer doses to be applied in agricultural fields treated with this residue. In a field experiment, the effects of application rates of sewage sludge and mineral N and P fertilizers on the productivity and technical characteristics of the cane-plant and first ratoon (residual effect) crops were evaluated. Four doses of sewage sludge (0, 3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 t ha-1, dry base), of N (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) and of P2O5 (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) were combined in a factorial and laid out on randomized block design, a with two replications. To evaluate the residual effect of the sludge, 120 kg ha-1 N and 140 kg ha-1 of K2O were applied in all plots. Sludge application at cane planting, with or without N and/or P fertilizer increased the stalk yield from 84 up to 118 t ha-1, with no alteration in the sugarcane quality, compared with the application of NPK fertilizer alone, resulting in a stalk yield of 91 t ha-1. The study of the response surface for stalk yield on lowfertility soil was the basis for a recommendation of mineral N and P fertilizer doses for sugarcane implantation as related to sewage sludge application rates. It was also concluded that a sludge application of 10.8 t ha-1, which is the sludge dose established based on the N criterion according to the resolution Conama nº 375, could a) reduce the use of mineral N by 100 % and of P2O5 by 30 %, with increments of 22 % in stalk yield, as a direct effect of sludge application to cane plant crop, and b) increase the stalk yield in the second harvest (first ratoon) by up to 12 % and sugar yield by up to 11 %, by the residual effect of sludge application to sugar cane.O uso do lodo de esgoto na agricultura brasileira foi normatizado pela Resolução Conama nº 375, de 2006. No entanto, faltam pesquisas para adequar as doses complementares de adubos minerais nitrogenado e fosfatado a serem aplicadas em área agrícola tratada com lodo. Avaliaram-se os efeitos de doses de lodo de esgoto e de adubos minerais nitrogenado e fosfatado sobre a produtividade e as características tecnológicas da cana-planta e da primeira soqueira (efeito residual), em campo. Foram aplicadas quatro doses de lodo (0, 3,6, 7,2 e 10,8 t ha-1, base seca), de N (0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1) e de P2O5 (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1), em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com duas repetições. Para avaliar o efeito residual do lodo, foram aplicados 120 kg ha-1 de N e 140 kg ha-1 de K2O em todas as plotas. A aplicação de lodo no plantio da cana, combinado ou não com adubo mineral nitrogenado e, ou, fosfatado, aumentou a produtividade de colmos de 84 a 118 t ha-1, sem alterar a qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar, em relação à adubação NPK convencional, que produziu 91 t ha-1 de colmo. O estudo de superfície de resposta para a produtividade de colmo, em solo de baixa fertilidade, permitiu estabelecer sugestão de recomendação de adubo mineral nitrogenado e fosfatado para implantação de canavial, em função da dose de lodo, bem como concluir que a aplicação de 10,8 t ha-1 de lodo, ou seja, da dose estabelecida pelo critério do N, conforme Resolução Conama nº 375, pôde: reduzir o uso de N mineral em 100 % e o de P2O5 em 30 %, com aumento de produtividade de colmos em 22 %, em relação à adubação NPK convencional, como efeito direto do lodo sobre o cultivo da cana-planta; e aumentar a produtividade de colmos da primeira soqueira em até 12 % e a de açúcar em até 11 %, como efeito residual do lodo aplicado na cana-planta sobre o cultivo da cana-soca.(FAPESP) São Paulo Research Foundation(CNPq) National Council for Scientific and Technological Developmen

Changes on some chemical attributes of a soil due to the application of solid urban waste compost

Experimento de campo foi conduzido, nos anos agrícolas 1996/97 e 1997/98, para avaliar os efeitos de aplicações sucessivas de composto de lixo urbano sobre os teores de carbono orgânico, condutividade elétrica, pH e capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC) ao pH atual de um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico em que foi cultivada cana-de-açúcar. No primeiro ano agrícola, além dos tratamentos calagem + adubação mineral e testemunha, o composto de lixo foi aplicado nas doses de 20, 40 e 60 Mg ha-1 (base seca). No segundo ano, o composto foi reaplicado nas doses de 24, 48 e 72 Mg ha-1. Todas as propriedades químicas do solo estudadas aumentaram com as doses do composto, em ambos os anos agrícolas. Os incrementos observados nesses atributos, da primeira para a segunda aplicação, foram significativos, exceto a condutividade elétrica, que, embora tenha aumentado logo após a aplicação do resíduo, não atingiu níveis críticos e teve seus valores reduzidos com o tempo. Acúmulos nos teores de C orgânico do solo foram diretamente proporcionais às doses de aplicação. O aumento da CTC do solo foi conseqüência direta dos incrementos nos teores de C orgânico e nos valores de pH.A field experiment was conducted, during the years of 1996/97 and 1997/98, to evaluate the effects of the successive application of solid urban waste compost on organic carbon, electrical conductivity, pH, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) at field pH in a Typic Hapludox cropped with sugarcane. In the first year, besides lime + mineral fertilizer and control treatments, the compost was applied at a rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 Mg ha-1 (dry basis). In the second year, the compost was reapplied at a rate of 24, 48, and 72 Mg ha-1. All studied soil properties increased with rate of compost application in both years. Attributes increments from the first to the second application were significant, except for electrical conductivity, which increased soon after the residue application, but did not reach critical levels and decreased along the time. Accumulation of organic C in soil was direct proportional to compost application rate. The increase of soil CEC was a consequence of the increments on organic C content and pH value

Movement of heavy metals in an Oxisol fertilized with municipal solid waste compost

Em experimento realizado no campo, nos anos agrícolas 1996/97 e 1997/98, em Latossolo Amarelo distrófico, cultivado com cana-de-açúcar, avaliou-se o efeito de aplicações sucessivas de composto de lixo urbano sobre a movimentação, em profundidade, dos metais Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e zinco. No primeiro ano agrícola, além do tratamento testemunha, o composto de lixo foi aplicado nas doses de 20, 40 e 60 Mg ha-1 (base seca). No segundo ano, o composto foi reaplicado nas doses de 24, 48 e 72 Mg ha-1. Em relação aos metais Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni e Pb não se observou nenhuma evidência de movimentação ao longo do perfil do solo. O Zn apresentou mobilidade no solo, onde se verificou, ao final de 1997/98, incrementos significativos até a camada de 0,4-0,6 m de profundidade.From 1996 to 1998, a field experiment was carried out to study the effects of successive application of a municipal solid waste compost on the movement of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn through the profile of a Yellow Latossol (Typic Hapludox) cropped with sugarcane. The compost was applied at rates of 20, 40 and 60 Mg ha-1 (dry base) in the first year, and of 24, 48 and 72 Mg ha-1 in the second year, respectively, plus a control treatment. The results demonstrated that there was no movement of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb through the profile of this acid soil. Nevertheless, Zn mobility was verified at the end of the second year, when content of Zn increased from 0.4 to 0.6 m layer

Chemical alterations and nickel phytoavailability in sewage sludge-amended soil

The alteration of soil chemicals and its influence on availability (DTPA extractant method) and phytoavailability (63Ni L-value, isotopic method) of Ni was studied in sewage sludge-amended soil at different pHs. The soil pHs were 4.3, 5.3 and 5.9 and the rates of sewage sludge (SS) 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg ha-1. The chemical and physicochemical soil characteristics were altered by the SS rate and increased the Ni availability and phytoavailability. The isotopic method (63Ni L-value) was more efficient in predicting the Ni phytoavailability that the Ni-DTPA extractant in soil pHs 5.3 and 5.9.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Effects of potassium fertilization and throughfall exclusion on the hydraulic redistribution of soil water in Eucalyptus grandis plantations

The transport of water from moist soil layers to dry through the roots of some species is an important process for plant survival during long dry periods. The objective of the present study was to evaluate if Eucalyptus grandis roots growing in a tropical region characterized by long dry periods passively move water from deep to shallow soil layers, which is known as “hydraulic redistribution”. The experiment was carried out at the Itatinga experimental station (SP, Brazil) that included four contrasting experimental plots resulting from the combination of two set of treatments: with/without potassium fertilization (+K/-K, respectively) and with/without throughfall exclusion (+W/-W, respectively). Sap flow was measured in superficial Eucalyptus coarse roots from the end of the 2014 dry season to the end of the 2015 rainy. We detected reverse sap flow (water in superficial roots going to the soil surface far from the trunks) all of the months, even during the rainy season, and in all the treatments, except in -K-W, where reverse flow started two months after the beginning of the rains (January). The lowest flow densities in superficial roots were observed in -K and/or -W, but reverse flow occurred in more roots or during more days per month than in treatments +K and +W

Cd phytoavailability in sewage sludge-amended soil of different pH estimated by an isotopic method and chemical extraction

The Cd phytoavailability in sewage sludge-amended soils of different pHs using the 109Cd L-value isotopic method and Cd extracted by DTPA has been determined. Maize plants (Zea mais L.) were grown under greenhouse conditions in a xanthic ferralsol at different pHs amended with five sewage sludge (SS) rates, and labeled with 74 kBq kg-1 of 109Cd. The SS rates altered the properties of the soil chemicals and these influenced the isotopic parameter (L-value) and percent of Cd uptake by plants from soil (%Cdpdfs) and SS (%CdpdfSS). L-values and Cd extracted by DTPA correlate significantly with SS rates and Cd uptake by plants and are efficient for predicting the Cd phytoavailability in the sewage sludge-amended soil.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Soybean Seed Enrichment with Cobalt and Molybdenum as an Alternative to Conventional Seed Treatment

Biological nitrogen fixation in soybean is enhanced when seed is treated with cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) prior to planting. In this study, our objective was to verify if Co and Mo application during the reproductive phase of the crop increases seed Co and Mo concentration without adverse effects on seed quality. Two experiments were conducted. First, we investigated foliar and soil Co and Mo application under greenhouse conditions. Next, we validated the results obtained in the first study. The treatments for both experiments consisted of Co doses combined with Mo, and a control without Co and Mo application. The foliar application was more efficient in producing enriched Co and Mo seed; meanwhile, as Co doses increased so did Co and Mo concentrations in the seed. There were no adverse effects on nutrition, development, quality, and yield of parent plants and seed when these micronutrients were applied. The seed showed higher germination, vigor, and uniformity for the development of soybean seedlings. We concluded that the application of 20 g ha−1 Co and 800 g ha−1 Mo via foliar application at the reproductive stage of soybean increased germination rate and achieved the best growth and vigor index of enriched seed

Addressing DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) norms with potentially toxic elements for assessing the nutritional status of Eucalyptus amended with sewage sludge

Background: The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) gave valuable indices of the nutritional status of Eucalyptus amended with sewage sludge (SS). Aims: Our objective was to establish a DRIS norms and analytical method for Eucalyptus under SS application, by verifying in particular, the influence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) on the nutritional and plant development. Method: Data on mean annual increment, nutrient, and PTE concentration were obtained in an experiment at 22, 44, 54, and 76 months after planting Eucalyptus amended with SS. Results: Our results indicated that DRIS can give valuable data on the nutritional balance indices, in which it was possible to verify that Ba was the most limiting element due to its excess present both in the low and high yielding subpopulations, ranging from 10 to 40% of the populations with excess of Ba. The nutritional diagnosis in agreement with the DRIS model ranged from 60 to 98% among the populations. When modeling the DRIS functions with inclusion of PTEs, a consistent evaluation of the Eucalyptus nutritional status was observed, which generated more reliable indices that were able to rank the limiting elements for the Eucalyptus productivity. Conclusion: The new approach proved to be an effective tool for interpreting DRIS indices, by presenting reliable data when PTEs are included. Thus, the inclusion of PTEs in DRIS functions can provide valuable information, by determining which element can cause more damage to the plants. The need for specific norms for each region, plant age and sludge management are highlighted

Chemical changes and zinc phytoavailability in sewage sludge-amended soil estimated by the isotopic method

Zn availability in Red Latossol (Rhodic Ferralsol) of different pH amended with different rates of sewage sludge was studied by the isotopic 65Zn L value method. Soil chemical properties were found to be altered by SS addition. Zn concentration and Zn derived from SS (ZnpfSS) in plant, and Zn phytoavailability (L value), were increased with increasing SS rates. The linear correlation coefficient of plant Zn with SS rates and with L value was significant at 1% probability. The L value proved an efficient method for predicting Zn phytoavailability in sewage sludge-amended soil with different pH under the soil conditions studied