Stem Cells and Liver Disease

Liver transplantation is the primary treatment for various end-stage hepaticdiseases but is hindered by the lack of donor organs, complications associated with rejection and immunosuppression. An increasingly unbridgeable gap exists between the supply and demand of transplantable organs. Hence stem cell research and regenerative medicine have the potential to revolutionize the future of medicine with the ability toregenerate damaged and diseased organs. Stem cells serving as a repair system for the body, can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells. These cells could relieve the symptoms of liver disease or the genetic error could potentially be corrected by gene therapy. In cases of acute liver failure in adults, stem cell therapies might be used to support the liver, allowing it time to recover

Prolific plant regeneration through organogenesis from scalps of Musa sp cv. Tanduk

A prolific plant regeneration system using scalps derived from shoot tips of Musa spp. cv. Tanduk was developed. Highly proliferating scalps, produced after four monthly subcultures of shoot tip explant on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 100 mM BAP and 1.0 mM IAA, were placed on MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mM BAP. Rooting of shoots was assessed on hormone-free half strength and full strength MS media and on MS medium supplemented with 1.0, 5.0and 10 mM IBA. Four types of potting media comprising of sand, peat, sand + top soil + goat dung (3:2:1 v/v) and top soil + sand (1:1 v/v) were evaluated during acclimatization of the plantlets. Prolific shootregeneration from scalps was obtained on MS medium containing 2.5 mM BAP, at 9.61 and 40.6 shoots per explant after 4 and 8 weeks of culture, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest mean shoot height of 2.19 cm was attained on MS medium with 1.0 mM BAP after 8 weeks of culture. Full-strength MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mM IBA produced the highest mean number of roots per explant at 15.08, while the highest mean root length of 11.07 cm was obtained on hormone-free half strength MS medium at week 4 of culture. The highest plant survivability of 77.5% was achieved in potting medium consisting of top soil + sand + goat dung after 6 weeks of acclimatization. The plants were morphologically normalwith vigorous stems and broad green leaves

Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea due to Clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in Ain Shams University Hospitals

Background: As we are living in the era of antibiotic overuse, antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) is considered now a distinct health problem with a need for more attention. Aim of the Study: was to perform a highly specific detection and definition of pathogenic Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile related AAD in children compared to adults and geriatircs. Patients and Methods: One hundred and fifty patients diagnosed for AAD were included in this study (50 children, 50 adults and 50 geriatric patients). All of them were subjected to full medical history including complete therapeutic history of antibiotics and collection of stool sample during the attack for detection of Clostridium perfringenes enterotoxin (CPEnt) and Clostridium difficile cytotoxin by (EIA) kit. PCR detection of Clostridium perfringenes cpe gene (Coding gene for CPEnt) was performed as well. Results: Results showed that prevalence of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin was 24% while Clostridium perfringenes enterotoxin was 12% as detected by EIA in faecal specimens as a whole. Detection of cpe gene by PCR was positive in 16% of all cases. Children (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.3-14.8, P_0.01) and geriatric patients (OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.2-13.5, P_0.02) were significantly more prone to Clostridium difficile AAD compared to adults. Also, childhood was a significant risk for Clostridium perfringens AAD (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 0.54-7.4, P_0.04). In Conclusion: children and geriatric patients are more vulnerable to develop AAD with antibiotic abuse compared to adults. Abbreviations: AAD=Antibiotic associated diarrhea, CI=Confidence interval, ELISA=Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, OR=Odd ratio, PCR=Polymerase chain reaction. Keywords: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, children, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile. Egypt. J. Hum. Genet Vol. 8 (2) 2007: pp. 121-13

In vitro adventitious shoot regeneration and acclimatisation of Brassica oleracea subsp. italica cv. Green Marvel

Cotyledonary explants of Brassica oleracea subsp. italica (broccoli) cv. Green Marvel were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different combinations of the growth regulators 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for shoot regeneration. The optimal medium for inducing shoots contained 3 mgl-1 BAP and 1 mgl-1 NAA, which produced a shoot induction percentage of 53.33% and a mean number of 0.43 shoot per explant. The shoots were subsequently rooted in MS medium that contained 0.2 mgl-1 of indol-3-butyric acid (IBA). Different potting media were assessed during plantlet acclimatization. The highest percentage of plant survival (83.33%) was on the medium that contained sand and soil (1:1), while maximum root length (4.37 cm) and plant height (7.87 cm) were attained in potting medium that consisted peat moss, perlite and vermiculite (3:1:1).Key words: Brassica oleracea, broccoli, 6-benzylaminopurine, α-naphthalene acetic acid, indole-3- butyric acid

Penerapan model cooperative learning tipe giving question and getting answer untuk meningkatkan aktivitas belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Akidah Akhlak pokok bahasan indahnya berprilaku terpuji: penelitian tindakan kelas di kelas IV MI Cibitung Kecamatan Curugkembar Kabupaten Sukabumi

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi dari temuan permasalahan yang terjadi di kelas IV MI Cibitung Kecamatan Curugkembar Kabupaten Sukabumi. Berdasarkan hasil observasi didapatkan data bahwa aktivitas belajar siswa rendah. Hal ini terlihat dari banyaknya siswa yang kurang semangat belajar, terdapat juga siswa yang bermain-main dengan teman sebangkunya ketika pembelajaran berlangsung, mereka kurang respon terhadap pertanyaan guru, malas untuk bertanya, malas mencatat, hanya diam saja sehingga berimplikasi pada proses dan hasil belajar yang tidak optimal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui (1) Sejauhmana aktivitas belajar siswa sebelum penerapan Model Cooperative Learning Tipe Giving Question and Getting Answer pada mata pelajaran Akidah Akhlak Pokok Bahasan Indahnya Berprilaku Terpuji, (2) Proses penerapan Model Cooperative Learning Tipe Giving Question and Getting Answer pada mata pelajaran Akidah Akhlak Pokok Bahasan Indahnya Berprilaku Terpuji, (3) Peningkatan aktivitas belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Akidah Akhlak Pokok Bahasan Indahnya Berprilaku Terpuji sesudah penerapan Model Cooperative Learning Tipe Giving Question and Getting Answer. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada pemikiran bahwa aktivitas belajar siswa ditentukan oleh banyak faktor salah satunya penerapan model Cooperative Learning Tipe Giving Question and Getting Answer. Berdasarkan asumsi tersebut maka hipotesis yang diajukan adalah penerapan Model Cooperative Learning Tipe Giving Question and Getting Answer diduga dapat meningkatkan aktivitas belajar siswa. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas yang terdiri dari dua siklus dengan tahapan meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, dan refleksi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi dan tes unjuk kerja. Dilengkapi dengan instrumen berupa silabus, RPP, lembar tes unjuk kerja, lembar observasi siswa dan lembar observasi guru. Penelitian dilakukan di kelas IV MI Cibitung sebanyak 20 orang siswa. Hasil penelitian selama lima kali pertemuan menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas belajar siswa. Hal ini terlihat dari nilai persentase aktivitas siswa sebelum menerapkan model Cooperative Learning tipe Giving Question and Getting Answer hanya sebesar 39,86% dengan kategori kurang sekali, sedangkan setelah menerapkan model Cooperative Learning tipe Giving Question and Getting Answer aktivitas siswa menjadi 85,3% dengan kategori sangat baik

أنواع الجمع في سورة البقرة (دراسة تحليلية في علم النحو) البحث العلمى

Al-Quran Adalah kalam Allah yang yang diturunkan kepada nabi Muhammad, yang memiliki keistimewaan baik dari segi lafadz, susunan kalimat dan gaya bahasa yang indah. Bahasa yang dipergunakan dalam Al-Quran tidak dapat ditiru hal ini dikarenakan Al-Quran merupakan kalam yang sempurna. Keindahan dari segi lafadz dan makna yang terkandung dalam Al-Quran biasa diteliti menggunakan ilmu Nahwu. Ilmu Nahwu adalah merupakan salah satu bagian dasar dari ilmu tata bahasa Arab untuk mengetahui jabatan kata dalam kalimat dan bentuk huruf/harakat dari suatu kata,penelitian menjadikan salah satu surah dalam Al Quran yaitu surah Al Baqarah sebagai objek kajiannya, dari sudut pandang ilmu nahwu yaitu tentang macam-macam jamak disetiap ayat. Hail penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam surat Al-Baqorah terdapat 27 jamak muzakar salim, dan 94 jamak muanas salim, dan 29 jamak taksir. Kat