116 research outputs found
Paradigm shift in MRI for sciatica
In contrast with the intuitive feeling of physicians many worrisome MRI findings do not correlate with patient outcome in patients with sciatica. Physicians should for example not automatically ascribe persistent or recurrent symptoms of sciatica to the presence of abnormalities visible on MRI. This thesis enables physicians to reshape the mindset of many persons thinking that knowing imaging findings can only be good. Seeing MRI abnormalities of patients with sciatica should not always be believing.For this study funding was received from the Health Care Efficiency Research Program of Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) and the Hoelen Foundation, The Hague.UBL - phd migration 201
Electron-Deficient N-Alkyloyl Derivatives of Thienopyrrole-4,6-dione Yield Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with Open-Circuit Voltages > 1 V
Poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-bβ²]dithiopheneβthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione) (PBDTTPD) polymer donors yield some of the highest open-circuit voltages (VOC, ca. 0.9 V) and fill factors (FF, ca. 70%) in conventional bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with PCBM acceptors. Recent work has shown that the incorporation of ring substituents into the side chains of the BDT motifs in PBDTTPD can induce subtle variations in material properties, resulting in an increase of the BHJ device VOC to βΌ1 V. In this contribution, we report on the synthesis of N-alkyloyl-substituted TPD motifs (TPD(CO)) and show that the electron-deficient motifs can further lower both the polymer LUMO and HOMO levels, yielding device VOC > 1 V (up to ca. 1.1 V) in BHJ solar cells with PCBM. Despite the high VOC achieved (i.e., low polymer HOMO), BHJ devices cast from TPD(CO)-based polymer donors can reach power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 6.7%, making these promising systems for use in the high-band-gap cell of tandem solar cells
Dependence of Crystallite Formation and Preferential Backbone Orientations on the Side Chain Pattern in PBDTTPD Polymers
Alkyl substituents appended to the Ο-conjugated main chain account for the solution-processability and film-forming properties of most Ο-conjugated polymers for organic electronic device applications, including field-effect transistors (FETs) and bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Beyond film-forming properties, recent work has emphasized the determining role that side-chain substituents play on polymer self-assembly and thin-film nanostructural order, and, in turn, on device performance. However, the factors that determine polymer crystallite orientation in thin-films, implying preferential backbone orientation relative to the device substrate, are a matter of some debate, and these structural changes remain difficult to anticipate. In this report, we show how systematic changes in the side-chain pattern of poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-bβ²]dithiopheneβaltβthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione) (PBDTTPD) polymers can (i) influence the propensity of the polymer to order in the Ο-stacking direction, and (ii) direct the preferential orientation of the polymer crystallites in thin films (e.g., βface-onβ vs βedge-onβ). Oriented crystallites, specifically crystallites that are well-ordered in the Ο-stacking direction, are believed to be a key contributor to improved thin-film device performance in both FETs and BHJ solar cells
More on Neolithisation process within the Alboran territory⦠Reply to LinstÀdter et al. (in press) in Quaternary International
Ring Substituents Mediate the Morphology of PBDTTPD-PCBM Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells
Among Ο-conjugated polymer donors for efficient bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell applications, poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-bβ²]dithiopheneβthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione) (PBDTTPD) polymers yield some of the highest open-circuit voltages (VOC, ca. 0.9 V) and fill-factors (FF, ca. 70%) in conventional (single-cell) BHJ devices with PCBM acceptors. In PBDTTPD, side chains of varying size and branching affect polymer self-assembly, nanostructural order, and impact material performance. However, the role of the polymer side-chain pattern in the intimate mixing between polymer donors and PCBM acceptors, and on the development of the BHJ morphology is in general less understood. In this contribution, we show that ring substituents such as furan (F), thiophene (T) and selenophene (S)βincorporated into the side chains of PBDTTPD polymersβcan induce significant and, of importance, very different morphological effects in BHJs with PCBM. A combination of experimental and theoretical (via density functional theory) characterizations sheds light on how varying the heteroatom of the ring substituents impacts (i) the preferred side-chain configurations and (ii) the ionization, electronic, and optical properties of the PBDTTPD polymers. In parallel, we find that the PBDT(X)TPD analogs (with X = F, T, or S) span a broad range of power conversion efficiencies (PCEs, 3β6.5%) in optimized devices with improved thin-film morphologies via the use of 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO), and discuss that persistent morphological impediments at the nanoscale can be at the origin of the spread in PCE across optimized PBDT(X)TPD-based devices. With their high VOC βΌ1 V, PBDT(X)TPD polymers are promising candidates for use in the high-band gap cell of tandem solar cells
Improving the long-term stability of PBDTTPD polymer solar cells through material purification aimed at removing organic impurities
While bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells fabricated from high Mn PBDTTPD achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCE) as high as 7.3%, the short-circuit current density (JSC) of these devices can drop by 20% after seven days of storage in the dark and under inert conditions. This degradation is characterized by the appearance of S-shape features in the reverse bias region of currentβvoltage (JβV) curves that increase in amplitude over time. Conversely, BHJ solar cells fabricated from low Mn PBDTTPD do not develop S-shaped JβV curves. However, S-shapes identical to those observed in high Mn PBDTTPD solar cells can be induced in low Mn devices through intentional contamination with the TPD monomer. Furthermore, when high Mn PBDTTPD is purified via size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to reduce the content of low molecular weight species, the JSC of polymer devices is significantly more stable over time. After 111 days of storage in the dark under inert conditions, the JβV curves do not develop S-shapes and the JSC degrades by only 6%. The S-shape degradation feature, symptomatic of low device lifetimes, appears to be linked to the presence of low molecular weight contaminants, which may be trapped within samples of high Mn polymer that have not been purified by SEC. Although these impurities do not affect initial device PCE, they significantly reduce device lifetime, and solar cell stability is improved by increasing the purity of the polymer materials
Flexural Fatigue Behavior of Cross-Ply Laminates: An Experimental Approach
Within an experimental approach we describe
the mechanical behavior of different resin-epoxy
laminates reinforced with cross-ply Kevlar
and glass fibers under the conditions of static
and cyclic three-point bending. In static tests,
we consider the effect of stacking sequence, the
thickness of 90Β°-oriented layers, reinforcement
type on the mechanical behavior of laminates
under loading and on realization of various damage
modes leading to rupture. Cyclic loading
studies have been performed in two steps. In
the first stage, we inquire into the dependence
of the behavior and durability of four glass fiber-
reinforced laminate-types on the stacking
sequence; the second stage is devoted to studying
the dependence of cyclic strength and fatigue
behavior of laminates on the
reinforcement type. Fatigue tests are carried out
in load-control regime for glass and hybrid
(Kevlar + glass) fiber laminates. Fatigue curves
are constructed in coordinates βstress - number
of cycles until fractureβ from the criteria corresponding
to a drop in stiffness by 5 and 10%.
Analysis of the results obtained permits evaluation
of the effect of the stacking sequence and
the reinforcement type on the behavior of
cross-ply laminates in cyclic loading. The presence
of Kevlar fibers accounts for nonlinear behavior
of laminates in static tests and for low
cyclic strength in fatigue tests under three-point
bending.Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ²
Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±Π°. ΠΡΠΈ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½,
ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π², ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠΌ 90Β° ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ², Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ - Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ², Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°Ρ+ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎ). ΠΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²
ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ - ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° 5 ΠΈ 10%. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π² Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ
ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±Π°.Π£ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π· Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°ΡΠΎ-
Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ-
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½, ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΄ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ 90Β° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²
Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π°ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ,
Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·
Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ
Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ² Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ², Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ - Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π°ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°
ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ
Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΌ βΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°Ρ + ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎ) Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΆΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° 5 Ρ 10% Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ -
ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ
Π°ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ
Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ΅Π²Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Ρ Π»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π·Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π·ΡΡΡ ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΈΠ½Ρ
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