Performance of concrete buried pipe distribution systems for surface irrigation under farmers' management in Tangail, Bangladesh

The operation of irrigation systems on eight deep tubewells in Tangail district, Bangladesh, was monitored from 1989 to 1991. These systems used buried non-reinforced concrete pipe to distribute water from deep tubewells and irrigate diversified crops during the dry season. The potential of buried pipe networks for surface irrigation at low heads is documented, and performance under farmers' management is outlined in this thesis. For example, the utilization rates of all the tubewells were disappointing, averaging 3.5 hrs/day at a discharge of 32.5 lis compared to the design of 56 l/s. The irrigated area averaging 16.6 ha was typically less than half of the design (40 ha). The reasons for this poor performance were found to be a combination of social, managerial and agro-economic factors. Leakage through joints and pipe walls averaged 2 leaks per 100 m of pipeline, while 42% of outlet valves were observed to leak. Conveyance losses within the pipelines averaged 0.7 1/s/100 m with earth channel losses averaging 7.7 1/s/100 m. Measured head losses for different pipe sizes and pump discharges were found compatible with theoretical values' when using the Colebrook-White Equation with Ks=0.6 mm. Low pump discharge (58% of design), low periods of pump operation (12% of advised), small areas (42% of intended) and low yields of irrigated crops were commonly observed. Poor farming as well as water management practices contributed to poor levels of irrigation performance. Farmers' cooperatives were found not efficient and many institutional problems existed. Buried pipe systems and open channel systems were compared in terms of seepage loss and costs. It was found that buried pipe systems were more economical than open channel systems. There is however considerable potential to increase the net returns from buried pipe schemes through more efficient utilization. Possible improvements are discussed in this thesis. These include moving systematic irrigation of fields fed by the same branch, instead of the current erratic distribution of water under the farmer's fuel system

Quantification of the components of the Iraqi Chicken wet egg yolk, and characterization of Lecithin.

The target of this study is to determine the Iraqi wet egg yolk constituents, and to characterize the Lecithin of this wet egg yolk. The protein of Egg yolk was extracted using and was to be (55.27 %) while water content represent (25 %). Oil content was (13.23 %) isolated from the remaining egg yolk using acetone according to AOCS Official Method Ja 4-46 [1]. Finally Lecithin content was (22.4 %). Pure Lecithin was characterized by FT-IR, U.V-Vis. Analysis, and Powder X-ray diffraction. Keywords: Wet Egg Yolk, characterization, Lecithin, Quantification, Iraqi Chicken

Adsorption Profile of N5 Acyclic Ligand Derived from 1, 2-Diamino Benzene and 2, 6-Diacetylpyridineon Column Packed Calcined Iraqi Montmorillonite

The adsorption ability of IRAQI initiated burned granulated bentonite of ligand (L), from aqueous solutions has been investigated through columnar method. The ligand (L) adsorption was found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time. All columnar experiments were carried out at three different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions at flow rate of (3 drops / min.) at room temperature (25±2) °C. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The monolayer adsorption capacity is 0.7055 mg ligand (L) per 1g burned bentonite. The experiments showed that highest removal rate was 88.25% for ligand (L) at pH 7. The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed pseudo-second-order rate equations. Keywords: N5 acyclic ligand, Adsorption Profile, Iraqi Montmorillonite, Column Packed

Enhanced Learning Management System (LMSs)

SAQ is Web-based software you use over the internet with a web browser. You don’t have to install any CDs, download any software, or worry about upgrades. If you use an online bank or web-based email program like Gmail, Hotmail, or Yahoo Mail then you’ve already used web-based software before. In this thesis, we had got the code of the program DimDim and made some modifications and additions, but based on conversion of this program from a special program for private transactions, banking, politician and business to new program that is more comprehensive and wider, it is not limited to banking and private transactions, but in order to be more prevalent and comprehensive to include educational transactions, e-learning, social media, political and business in addition to solve the existing program's problems in the above mentioned. Then we enhanced “DimDim” and made some modifications to be a new software called “SAQ” which has differences that one more efficient than “DimDim”, beginning firstly; the new name “SAQ” related to simulation answer and questions but “DimDim” we didn’t find any meaning for it, secondly; “SAQ” had been more secure by creating a database tables that have a user name and password for each subscriber, it prevents anyone to enter the chat room which hasn’t user name and password, thirdly; adding scalability for subscriber number which was limited by two, but in “SAQ” had been reached to one hundred, besides that; made availability to use cameras and microphones for each subscribers controlling of the number of users, subscribers using cameras and microphones, finally; the frame size of the camera which was fixed but in “SAQ” had been variable due to the number of subscribers using cameras and appear on the user interface

Analytical Profile of 4 - (4-Nitro Benzene Azo) - 3 - Amino Benzoic Acid on a Surface of Natural Granulated Calcined Iraqi Montmorillonite Clay Mineral, via Columnar Method.

The adsorption ability of Iraqi initiated calcined granulated montmorillonite to adsorb of 4-(4-Nitrobenzeneazo) 3-Aminobenzoic Acid from aqueous solutions has been investigated through columnar method. The azo dye adsorption found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time. All columnar experiments were carried out at three different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions at flow rate of (3 drops/ min.), at room temperature (25±2) °C. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The monolayer adsorption capacity is 6.4066 mg Azo ligand per 1g calcined Montmorillonite. The experiments showed that highest removal rate 90.5 % for azo dye at pH 5.5.The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed pseudo-first -order rate equations. Keywords: Analytical profile, Azo Ligand, Iraqi Montmorillonite, Columnar Method., Calcined

Effect of experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection on serum profiles of lipid and cholesterol in pack donkeys

The effect of experimental Trypanosoma congolense (T. congolense) infection on serum concentrations of lipids in donkeys was investigated. To establish the infection, four apparently healthy pack donkeys were, each, intravenously inoculated with blood (1 ml) from an infected donor donkey containing 1 x 106 T. congolense organisms. Following this, 5 ml of blood was collected from each of the experimental animals, starting from day zero and then every other day throughout the experimental period and used for haematological and serum biochemical analyses. Levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) in the serum were measured over a 28-day experimental period, using commercial test kits. The infection with T. congolense caused significant (P<0.05) decreases in serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in the experimental animals. Decreases were also observed in the serum concentrations of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol but were not significant (P>0.05). With the indispensable roles of lipids as integral parts of cell membrane structures and in other metabolic processes in the mammalian hosts, it could be inferred that T. congolense infection-induced alterations in serum concentrations of lipids might be contributory pathophysiological mechanisms of some of the reported disorders in trypanosome-infected animals.Keywords: Donkey, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterolTrypanosoma congolens

Early clinical outcome after right anterolateral thoracotomy as an alternative for median sternotomy for mitral valve replacement

Background: The advantages of the right anterolateral thoracotomy (RALT) approach for mitral valve surgery over standard median sternotomy (MS) are still debatable. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the postoperative clinical outcome after RALT and MS for mitral valve replacement. Methods: This prospective observational study included 40 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement between January 2016 and August 2018. Patients were assigned to two groups, the first group included 20 patients who had conventional median sternotomy approach and the second group included 20 patients who had right anterolateral thoracotomy with the complete cannulation and aortic cross-clamping conducted through the same incision. Results: In comparison to MS, RALT had significantly higher cross-clamp time (77.7±16.1 vs 45.8±8.7 minutes, P < 0.01), total bypass time (105.2±12.7 vs 72.2±10.4 minutes, P < 0.01), and total operative time (287±41 vs 231±36 min, P < 0.01), in addition to significantly lower ventilation time (4.2±1.51 vs 6.1±1.84 hours, P < 0.01), blood loss (229±85 vs 335±137 ml), amount of blood transfusion (1.41±0.6 vs 2.19±1.1 units, P < 0.01), ICU stay duration (2.11±0.49 vs 2.78±0.82 days, P < 0.01), pain scores at 1st and 2nd postoperative days (5.67±0.79 vs 7.81±0.53, p < 0.01), and total hospital stay duration (7.2±1.3 vs 8.4±1.6 days, P = 0.01). Patients' satisfaction about their wound was significantly higher in RALT group compared to MS group (95% vs 30%, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The RALT approach for mitral valve surgery could be a safe and effective approach when compared to median sternotomy. RALT could be associated with a reduction of blood loss, blood transfusion, wound infection, in addition to shorter ICU and hospital stay

Performance Improvement of the Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Using Different Types of Fluids with Numerical Simulation

المركزات الشمسية وسيلة مهمة لأستخدام طاقة الشمس. هنالك عدة انواع من المركزات الشمسية. في العمل الحالي محاولة تجريبية لتحسين الاداء الحراري للجامع الشمسي ذو القطع المكافىء بأستخدام ثلاثة موائع مختلفة (ماء، ماء مقطر مع جزيئات اوكسيد النحاس النانوية، ماء مقطر مع جزيئات الالومينا النانوية) مع نسبة تركيز 0.01 %، وسرعة جريان 20 لتر/ساعة، وبدون استخدام نظام التتبع مع محاكاة رقمية. الاختبار التجريبي تم في مدينة بغداد في قسم الهندسة الكهروميكانيكية في الجامعة التكنولوجية خلال ايام شهر تشرين الاول 2017 خلال وقت النهار (9 صباحا - 15 مساءا). النتائج المحسوبة للموائع الثلاثة كما يلي: - استخدام (CuO + ماء مقطر) يزيد معدل درجات الحرارة الخارجة بنسبة 10.4% ومعدل المكاسب الحرارية زاد بنسبة 11% ومعدل الكفاءات زاد بنسبة 15.5%. - استخدام (  + ماء مقطر ) يزيد معدل درجات الحرارة الخارجة بنسبة  4% ومعدل المكاسب الحرارية زاد بنسبة 6.5 % ومعدل الكفاءات زاد بنسبة 8.2%. هذه النتائج تبين ذلك، استخدام المائع (ماء مقطر + CuO) يعطي أفضل اداء بالمقارنة مع المائعين الاخرين المستخدمين في هذا العمل.Solar concentrators are an important facility to utilize the solar energy. There are many kinds of solar concentrators. In this work  an experimental has been implemented to improve the thermal performance of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) using three different fluids as a working fluid (water, nanoparticles of  CuO  mixed with distilled water nanoparticles of   mixed with  distilled water) with concentration ratio 0.01% and mass flow rate 20Lt/hr without tracking system. The experimental tests have been carried out in electro-mechanical engineering department at university of technology in Baghdad city during October 2017 and daytime between (9am -15pm) hours. The obtained results for three different fluids are as follows:  - Using (CuO + distilled water) as a working fluid increases the average of the output temperatures by 10.4%,  the average of useful heat gains   increases  by 11%  and the average of the collector efficiencies increases by15%.    - Using ( +distilled water) as a working fluid increased the average of output temperatures by 4%, the average of useful heat gains is increased by 6.5% and the average of collector efficiencies is increased by 8.2%. &nbsp

Toxicity of Vernonia anthelmintica Linn. (Asteracea) seeds against mosquitoes vectors

The Toxicological activity (larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent toxicity) of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds fraction was tested against different species of mosquito vectors viz, malaria (Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi), filaria (Culex quinquefasciatus) and dengue (Aedes aegypti). The larvicidal toxicity of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds fraction was evaluated against the early 4th instars larvae of different mosquitoes species. Mean LC50 value of the column fraction KAL-4 from seeds of V. anthelmintica against the larvae of An. culicifacies, An. stephensi, Culex quinquifaciatus and Aedes aegpyti were found to be 64 ppm, 70 ppm, 143 ppm and 166 ppm respectively. The larvicidal toxicity was more against An. culicifacies, An. stephensi than Culex quinquifaciatus and Aedes aegypti. The seed extracts did not show any adulticidal toxicity and repellent toxicity even at 10% concentrated impregnated paper and 5% on human hand, respectively

Effects of Feeding Periods of High Cholesterol and Saturated Fat Diet on Blood Biochemistry and Hydroxyproline Fractions in Rabbits

Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are considered as important risk factors during the atherosclerotic process. The aim of the present investigation was to study the total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), platelet levels and hydroxyproline fractions during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. For this purpose, twenty five 12-weeks, New Zealand white male rabbits, were purchased, individually caged, and divided into either control group or cholesterol-fed group. The control group (n = 10) was fed 100 g/day of normal diet, ORC-4 (Oriental Yeast Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for a period of 15 weeks. The cholesterol-fed group (n = 15) was fed a high cholesterol and saturated fat diet of ORC-4 containing 1% cholesterol plus 1% olive oil (100 g/day) for periods of 5 (group 1), 10 (group 2) and 15 (group 3) weeks. Blood sample from each animal was taken at the end of the experimental period for the biochemical analysis. The results of the present study showed that TC, LDLC, TG, HDLC and platelets were significantly (P < 0.01) increased in cholesterol-fed rabbits as compared with control rabbits. The serum hydroxyproline (Hyp) in rabbits belonging to group 1 showed no significant alteration when compared to control group. Group 2 rabbits showed a significant increase of 103% (P < 0.01) and 100% (P < 0.001) in free and protein—bound hydroxyproline fractions respectively when compared to control rabbits. However, there was no significant change in peptide—bound and total serum hydroxyproline levels as compared to the control group (P > 0.05). There was no significant (P > 0.05) decrease of free serum hydroxyproline in group 3 rabbits when compared to control rabbits. On the other hand, group 3 rabbits showed a significant increase in peptide–bound and protein-bound Hyp by 517% (P < 0.05) and 100% (P < 0.01) respectively when compared to control rabbits. However, total serum Hyp in group 3 rabbits showed no significant (P > 0.05) change when compared to control rabbits. These results suggest that feeding rabbits high cholesterol and saturated fat diet for feeding periods of 5, 10 and 15 weeks induced significant change in TC, LDLC, HDL, TG, platelet levels and various Hyp fractions in serum without any significant change in the total Hyp content