The WHO active ageing pillars and its association with survival: Findings from a population-based study in Spain

[Background] The World Health Organization’s active ageing model is based on the optimisation of four key “pillars”: health, lifelong learning, participation and security. It provides older people with a policy framework to develop their potential for well-being, which in turn, may facilitate longevity. We sought to assess the effect of active ageing on longer life expectancy by: i) operationalising the WHO active ageing framework, ii) testing the validity of the factors obtained by analysing the relationships between the pillars, and iii) exploring the impact of active ageing on survival through the health pillar.[Methods] Based on data from a sample of 801 community-dwelling older adults, we operationalised the active ageing model by taking each pillar as an individual construct using principal component analysis. The interrelationship between components and their association with survival was analysed using multiple regression models.[Results] A three-factor structure was obtained for each pillar, except for lifelong learning with a single component. After adjustment for age, gender and marital status, survival was only significantly associated with the physical component of health (HR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.47−0.93; p = 0.018). In turn, this component was loaded with representative variables of comorbidity and functionality, cognitive status and lifestyles, and correlated with components of lifelong learning, social activities and institutional support.[Conclusion] According to how the variables clustered into the components and how the components intertwined, results suggest that the variables loading on the biomedical component of the health pillar (e.g. cognitive function, health conditions or pain), may play a part on survival chances.This work was funded by the ELES Project (Estudio Longitudinal Envejecer en España) supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/MINECO [ref. CSO2009−08645-E/SOCI, CSO2009−06638-E/SOCI, CSO2009−06637-E/SOCI]; Gobierno Vasco [Programa SAIOTEK 2009]; and Fundación Obra Social Caja Madrid; the ENVACES Project (Envejecer Activamente en España) supported by MINECO/FEDER/UE [ref. CSO2015−64115-R]; the QASP project, supported by the Institute of Health Carlos III [PI18CIII/00046]; and the ENCAGE-CM Project (Envejecimiento Activo, Calidad de Vida y Género) supported by Comunidad de Madrid [ref. H2019/HUM-5698, S2015/HUM-3367]Peer reviewe