Threats Advancement in Primary User Emulation Attack and Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) Attack in Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) for 5G Wireless Network Environment

Primary User Emulation (PUE) attack and Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) attack on Data Fusion Centre and attack on Common Control Channel (CCC) is a serious security problems and need to be addressed in cognitive radio network environment. We are reviewing the recent advances of threats for the future 5th Generation (5G) wireless radio network from these attacks. Several existing security schemes have been proposed and discussed to overcome these attacks. We propose new security scheme that able to mitigate the attacks and provide security solutions. This scheme intended to mitigate the threats from the attacks in CRN and improve the future 5G network security

Automated Machine for Sorting Sarawak Pepper Berries

White pepper berries is one of the Malaysia’s key export as it is categorised as high valued commodity product. At present, processed white pepper berries are graded semiautomatically. This process is time consuming as it dependent on the experience of the pepper grader. In this paper we present a solution for Sarawak White Pepper grading using a combination of image processing technique and robotic solutions to sort pepper berries into their respective grades. In particular, we present the result of using different colour sensors. With the automated sorting machine, more high grades pepper berries are able to be sorted; this means more income to the smallholders, which are the local pepper farmers

A Review on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in Broadband Wireless Access

OFDMA is the basis of future broadband access, due to its many inherent advantages such as scalability and fine granularity for multi-user access. OFDMA is a multi-user version of the popular Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. Multiple accesses are achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users. The purpose of this paper is to review on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in broadband wireless access. The review analysis is purely based on OFDMA Uplink system, OFDMA Cognitive Radio Networks, OFDAM cellular networks and the OFDMA interference. Some of the challenges faced in a multi-carrier OFDM/OFDMA system are dynamic resource allocation which requires the exact knowledge of channel status that is not always easy to be obtained. This paper reviewed a wide range of challenges faced by OFDMA and their suggested solutions extensively. Apart from that a thorough comparison analysis between different techniques is studied and presented in this paper

Techniques for the extraction of phytosterols and their benefits in human health: a review

This review summarizes the information on the health-promoting effects of phytosterols and the techniques for their extraction. The extraction and analysis processes of phytosterols are complex and have not been fully established. Phytosterols have significant roles in the areas of foods, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Free phytosterols extracted from plant sources are widely used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Most phytosterols are extracted from plant matrices using organic solvents which are health and environmental hazards. However, the application of supercritical fluid in the extraction of phytosterols has offered a promising green technology in overcoming the limitations of conventional extraction

The Sustainability of Independent Palm Oil Smallholders in Multi-Tier Supply Chains in East Kalimantan Indonesia

The smallholder oil palm farmers (SHFs) manage almost half of the Indonesian oil palm area, often associated with unsustainable oil palm sources. There has been limited research conducted to assess SHFs status in Indonesia. This study analyzed sustainability of existing Multi-tier Supply Chain Management through Rapfish diagnostic application with Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) in oil palm mills, suppliers, and SHFs. This study found triadic typologies of MSCs in the Kutai Kartanegara District and six sustainability dimensions including economic, social, ecology, political, and institution to improve the regional strategy for sustainable palm oil plantations in the East Kalimantan Province. The closed triadic relationship in Gunung Sari and Pulau Pinang Villages has better performances on four sustainability dimensions compare to other villages. The oil palm mills could connect directly with SHFs and reduce asymmetric information and rent-seeking behavior through the traceable land ID system and enabling the Public-Private Partnership program

Increasing Student Engagement through Authentic Learning Activities in MOOC Environment

Learner engagement is one of the most principal factor that determines the effectiveness on MOOC. From the study, we found that most of the students gave positive comments especially on the learning activities. Overall, positive comments were received especially in terms of active interaction from the instructor