420 research outputs found
NIR Microscopy Possibilities for the Visualization of Silicon Microelectronic Structure Topology through the Substrate
AbstractExperimental setup based on visible and NIR spectral range microscope with laser port and picosecond laser is developed for silicon integrated circuit (IC) failure analysis. The possibility of visualizing the topology of the submicron technology silicon structures from the back side of the crystal through the substrate is shown. Main features of new setup are demonstrated by some results of backside focused pulsed laser beam initiated latchup effect study. The possibility of the localization of the latchup sensitive areas under focused laser irradiation is shown. NIR light emission accompanying the latchup effect is observed and analyzed. The practical aspects of NIR microscopy for failure analysis under backside laser irradiation are discussed
ΠΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅
The paper considers the nonlinear dynamic mathematical model describing the distribution and variation of linguistic information in the Indo-European linguistic community. When constructing a mathematical model of linguistic information propagation and changes in the linguistic community as a priori information data from independent studies both linguistics and other scientific fields, such as history, archeology and genetics were used. Within the framework of this model the spread of linguistic information in a model Indo-European language community, including at the initial stage of its formation was numerically studied. The preliminary results of theoretical analysis and computer simulation are given. It was found that the mathematical model of the distribution and modification of linguistic information shows both regular and typical chaotic behavior. As one of quantitative characteristics of considered nonlinear process of distribution of the linguistic information it is offered to consider number of arising cycles as number of the arisen modern languages, in the given language community. Results of computer modeling show, that from two main hypotheses of formation of the Proto-Indo-Europeans - Anatolian and Kurgan, the latter better matches temporary estimates obtained by us.Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π² - ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠ³Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ - ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ
ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅
Paper considers the wave mathematical model describing the distribution and change of linguistic information in Indo-European model linguistic community. Brief information about the Anatolian and Kurgan hypothesis of formation of Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) is given. The mathematical model of wave propagation and changing of information is described by system of integral-differential equations. Results of the preliminary theoretical analysis and computer modeling are given. In particular, an estimate of the maximum possible time (24000 years) of development/emergence of considered Indo-European βfamilyβ is obtained in the framework of this model. Results of computer modeling show, that from two main hypotheses of formation of the PIE - Anatolian and Kurgan, the latter better matches obtained by us temporary estimates. Finally, data on a hypothetical PIE alphabet - namely, the number of possible βcharacters/symbolsβ (or βlettersβ) alphabet of PIE on the basis of our data were obtained. Based on the results, it was found that the range of possible values for alphabetic characters is limited to about values: 3 32. In addition, there is a good correlation of our data with the findings of geneticists on a possible time of occurrence (14000-20000 years ago) of the haplogroup Y-DNA R1a (it is believed that PIE language speakers were primarily men with this haplogroup).Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π². ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ( 24000 Π»Π΅Ρ) ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ/Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Β«ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈΒ» Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π² - Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ - ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. Π Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π»ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ - ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Β«ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²/Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Β» (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Β») Π°Π»ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π°Π»ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ: 3 32. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ 14000-20000 Π»Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄) Π³Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Y-DNA R1a (ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ)
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
In the present paper the methods and algorithms permitting to calculate ο¬elds for various directed and radiant TE and TM modes of symmetrical and asymmetrical integrated-optical waveguides are presented. The description of the theoretical approaches and algorithm of calculation of the ο¬eld of a scattered radiation outside of an irregular integrated-optical waveguide in the system of visual programming Delphi is given. The dispersion dependences for TE and TM modes in the trigonometric form, and appropriate pictures of ο¬elds of the radiation TE modes of the substrates and the pictures of ο¬elds of electromagnetic radiation scattered in an integrated-optical waveguide with three-dimensional irregularities are also given.Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π’Π- ΠΈ Π’Π-ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Delphi. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π’Π- ΠΈ Π’Π-ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π’Π-ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅
New Electron Conversion Lines from Existing ?-Transitions In 160dy
Three photo plates derived with spectrograph LNP JINR with constant magnetic field [1] have been investigated using the Microscope Automatic Scanning MAS [2]. Electron internal conversion (ICE) spectrograms of two erbium (Er P-2, Er P-8) and one Ho fractions has been measured. More detailed analysis gave us the possibility to obtain some new lines (see table) in addition to many earlier existing lines in 160Dy [3]. For that investigations it is necessary to increase the speed with which microscopic objects are measured are described. These efforts include the modernization of the MAS automatic scanning microscope and the development of programs to reach an initial point and for carrying out automatic point-to-point linear transitions with a specified step. The error in realizing a transition to a given point with specified coordinates is shown to amount to 1 Β΅m
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π·Ρ ΠΡΠ½Π΅Π±Π΅ΡΠ³Π° Π² Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
The approximate solution of vector electrodynamics' problem in smoothly irregular four-layered integrated-optical waveguide is obtained. As a method of solution of the electrodynamics' problem in question, satisfying to a condition of a smooth modification of a profile of a researched integrated-optical structure, the asymptotic method is used. The represented outcomes of numerical modeling show good convergence of a solution of the considered problem in a zero approximation of the used asymptotic method with the results of other authors. The offered method is applicable to analysis of similar dielectric, magnetic, and meta-materials' structures, including nonlinear ones in sufficiently broad band of electromagnetic wavelengths, that is doubtless advantageous.ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ-Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π² Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°-ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
Π² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ
Properties of nematic LC planar and smoothly-irregular waveguide structures: research in the experiment and using computer modeling
Nematic liquid crystal planar and smoothly-irregular waveguide structures were studied experimentally and by the computer modeling. Two types of optical smoothly-irregular waveguide structures promising for application in telecommunications and control systems are studied by numerical simulation: liquid crystal waveguides and thin film solid generalized waveguide Luneburg lens. Study of the behavior of these waveguide structures where liquid crystal layer can be used to control the properties of the entire device, of course, promising, especially since such devices are also able to perform various sensory functions when changing some external parameters, accompanied by a change in a number of their properties. It can be of interest to researchers not only in the field of the integrated optics but also in some others areas: nano-photonics, optofluidics, telecommunications, and control systems. The dependences of the attenuation coefficient (optical losses) of waveguide modes and the effective sizes (correlation radii) of quasi-stationary irregularities of the liquid-crystal layers on the linear laser radiation polarization and on the presence of pulse-periodic electric field were experimentally observed. An estimate was made of the correlation radii of liquid-crystal waveguide quasi-stationary irregularities. The obtained results are undoubtedly important for further research of waveguide liquid crystal layers, both from the theoretical point of view, and practical β in the organization and carrying out new experimental researches, for example, when developing promising integrated-optical LC sensors.The publication has been prepared with the support of the βRUDN University Program 5-100β (Sevastyanov L.A.) and funded by RFBR according to the research projects No. 18-07-00567, No. 18-51-18005 and No. 19-01-00645
Characteristic calculation of directional coupler for accelerator high-power feeders
The calculation results of directional couplers with connection via the waveguide common narrow wall with a coupling factor of 3.0 decibels, directivity no less than 20 decibels, adjustment of coupling factor at 1 decibels are presented. The adjustment is carried out with the help of cylindrical plungers, moving inside of waveguides on the part of broad walls in the location of the connection slot, and prismatic plungers, moving in rectangular waveguides connected to narrow walls opposite to a slot of connection. The device as a magic tee with movable throttle pistons in Π- and Π-plane arms permitting to match any load is designed too. The calculations are executed for devices operating at frequencies of 2.797 and 1.3 GHz
Subcarrier Wave Quantum Key Distribution in Telecommunication Network with Bitrate 800 kbit/s
In the course of work on creating the first quantum communication network in Russia we demonstrated quantum key distribution in metropolitan optical network infrastructure. A single-pass subcarrier wave quantum cryptography scheme was used in the experiments. BB84 protocol with strong reference was chosen for performing key distribution. The registered sifted key rate in an optical cable with 1.5 dB loss was 800 Kbit/s. Signal visibility exceeded 98%, and quantum bit error rate value was 1%. The achieved result is a record for this type of systems
Development of a pulsed bremsstrahlung source on a base of a nanosecond and microsecond REB accelerators
In the paper the preliminary results on measuring parameters of a pulsed bremsstrahlung source developed for
investigation of physical-mechanical properties of reactor materials are given. Generation of Ξ³-radiation with
parameters Ξ³ βΌ 0.4...1.0 MeV was carried out at microsecond and nanosecond high-current REB accelerators. The
absolute values of an absorbed dose are determined for both nanosecond and microsecond sources of Ξ³-radiation.ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ²
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ -Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π· ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ 0,4<Ξ³<1,0 ΠΠ΅Π Π·Π΄ΡΠΉΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π ΠΠ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π» Ξ³-Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ.ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ 0,4<Ξ³<1,0 ΠΡΠ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
Π ΠΠ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ξ³-ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
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