16,265 research outputs found
The Roughness Properties of Small Ice-Bearing Craters at the South Pole of the Moon: Implications for Accessing Fresh Water Ice in Future Surface Operations
The lunar poles provide a fascinating thermal environment capable of cold-trapping water ice on geologic timescales [1]. While there have been many observations indicating the presence of water ice at the lunar surface [e.g., 24], it is still not clear when this ice was delivered to the Moon. The timing of volatile dep-osition provides important constraints on the origin of lunar ice because different delivery mechanisms have been active at different times throughout lunar history. We previously found that some small (<10 km) cra-ters at the south pole of the Moon have morphologies suggestive of relatively young ages, on the basis of crisp crater rims [5]. These craters are too small to date with robust cratering statistics [5], but the possibility of ice in young craters is intriguing because it suggests that there is some recent and perhaps ongoing mechanism that is delivering or redistributing water to polar cold traps. Therefore, understanding if these small, ice-bear-ing craters are indeed young is essential in understand-ing the age and source of volatiles on the Moon. Here we take a new approach to understand the ages of these small polar cold traps: analyzing the roughness properties of small ice-bearing craters. It is well under-stood that impact crater properties (e.g., morphology, rock abundance, and roughness) evolve with time due to a variety of geologic and space-weathering processes [611]. Topographic roughness is a measurement of the local deviation from the mean topography, providing a measurement of surface texture, and is a powerful tool for evaluating surface evolution over geologic time [e.g., 1114]. In this study we analyze the roughness of southern lunar craters (40S90S) from all geologic eras, and determine how the roughness of small (<10 km) ice-bearing craters compare. We discuss the implications of the ages of ice-bearing south polar craters, and potential strategies for accessing fresh ice on the Moon
Solid-State Excitation Laser for Laser-Ultrasonics
The inspection speed of laser-ultrasonics compared with conventional ultrasonic testing is limited by the pulse repetition rate of the excitation laser. The maximum pulse repetition rate reported up to now for CO2-lasers, which are presently used for nearly all systems, is in the range of 400 Hz. In this paper a new approach based on a diode-pumped solid-state laser is discussed, which is currently being developed. This new excitation laser is designed for a repetition rate of 1 kHz and will operate at a mid-IR wavelength of 3.3 m. The higher repeti-tion rate enables a higher inspection speed, whereas the mid-IR wavelength anticipates a better coupling efficiency. The total power for pumping the laser crystals is transported via flexible optical fibres to the compact laser head, thus allowing operation on a robot arm. The laser head consists of a master oscillator feeding several lines of power amplifiers and in-cludes nonlinear optical wavelength conversion by an optical parametric process. It is char-acterized by a modular construction which provides optimal conditions for operation at high average power as well as for easy maintenance. These features will enable building reliable, long-lived, rugged, smart laser ultrasonic systems in futur
Formation of long-lived, scarlike modes near avoided resonance crossings in optical microcavities
We study the formation of long-lived states near avoided resonance crossings
in open systems. For three different optical microcavities (rectangle, ellipse,
and semi-stadium) we provide numerical evidence that these states are localized
along periodic rays, resembling scarred states in closed systems. Our results
shed light on the morphology of long-lived states in open mesoscopic systems.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures (in reduced quality), to appear in Phys. Rev. Let
3C 295, a cluster and its cooling flow at z=0.46
We present ROSAT HRI data of the distant and X-ray luminous (L_x(bol)=2.6^
{+0.4}_{-0.2} 10^{45}erg/sec) cluster of galaxies 3C 295. We fit both a
one-dimensional and a two-dimensional isothermal beta-model to the data, the
latter one taking into account the effects of the point spread function (PSF).
For the error analysis of the parameters of the two-dimensional model we
introduce a Monte-Carlo technique. Applying a substructure analysis, by
subtracting a cluster model from the data, we find no evidence for a merger,
but we see a decrement in emission South-East of the center of the cluster,
which might be due to absorption. We confirm previous results by Henry &
Henriksen(1986) that 3C 295 hosts a cooling flow. The equations for the simple
and idealized cooling flow analysis presented here are solely based on the
isothermal beta-model, which fits the data very well, including the center of
the cluster. We determine a cooling flow radius of 60-120kpc and mass accretion
rates of dot{M}=400-900 Msun/y, depending on the applied model and temperature
profile. We also investigate the effects of the ROSAT PSF on our estimate of
dot{M}, which tends to lead to a small overestimate of this quantity if not
taken into account. This increase of dot{M} (10-25%) can be explained by a
shallower gravitational potential inferred by the broader overall profile
caused by the PSF, which diminishes the efficiency of mass accretion. We also
determine the total mass of the cluster using the hydrostatic approach. At a
radius of 2.1 Mpc, we estimate the total mass of the cluster (M{tot}) to be
(9.2 +/- 2.7) 10^{14}Msun. For the gas to total mass ratio we get M{gas}/M{tot}
=0.17-0.31, in very good agreement with the results for other clusters of
galaxies, giving strong evidence for a low density universe.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Relaxation Phenomena in a System of Two Harmonic Oscillators
We study the process by which quantum correlations are created when an
interaction Hamiltonian is repeatedly applied to a system of two harmonic
oscillators for some characteristic time interval. We show that, for the case
where the oscillator frequencies are equal, the initial Maxwell-Boltzmann
distributions of the uncoupled parts evolve to a new equilibrium
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution through a series of transient Maxwell-Boltzmann
distributions. Further, we discuss why the equilibrium reached when the two
oscillator frequencies are unequal, is not a thermal one. All the calculations
are exact and the results are obtained through an iterative process, without
using perturbation theory.Comment: 22 pages, 6 Figures, Added contents, to appear in PR
Quantum correlation games
A new approach to play games quantum mechanically is proposed. We consider two players who perform measurements in an EPR-type setting. The payoff relations are defined as functions of correlations, i.e. without reference to classical or quantum mechanics. Classical bi-matrix games are reproduced if the input states are classical and perfectly anti-correlated, that is, for a classical correlation game. However, for a quantum correlation game, with an entangled singlet state as input, qualitatively different solutions are obtained. For example, the Prisoners' Dilemma acquires a Nash equilibrium if both players apply a mixed strategy. It appears to be conceptually impossible to reproduce the properties of quantum correlation games within the framework of classical games
Extension of Ahmed & Thompson Theory to General Elastic Plane Quasi-Wave Propagation in Textured Polycrystalline Material
In polycrystalline materials, such as columnar grained austenitic weld metal, grain scattering occurs. The extent of the scattering depends on the elastic anisotropy of the grains and the geometric features of the grains and grain boundaries. Therefore these properties have to be incorporated in any theoretical modelling
Spherical structures on torus knots and links
The present paper considers two infinite families of cone-manifolds endowed
with spherical metric. The singular strata is either the torus knot or the torus link . Domains of existence for a
spherical metric are found in terms of cone angles and volume formul{\ae} are
presented.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures; typo
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