1,980 research outputs found
Universal Chemomechanical Design Rules for Solid-Ion Conductors to Prevent Dendrite Formation in Lithium Metal Batteries
Dendrite formation during electrodeposition while charging lithium metal
batteries compromises their safety. While high shear modulus solid-ion
conductors (SICs) have been prioritized to resolve pressure-driven
instabilities that lead to dendrite propagation and cell shorting, it is
unclear whether these or alternatives are needed to guide uniform lithium
electrodeposition, which is intrinsically density-driven. Here, we show that
SICs can be designed within a universal chemomechanical paradigm to access
either pressure-driven dendrite-blocking or density-driven dendrite-suppressing
properties, but not both. This dichotomy reflects the competing influence of
the SICs mechanical properties and partial molar volume of Li+ relative to
those of the lithium anode on plating outcomes. Within this paradigm, we
explore SICs in a previously unrecognized dendrite-suppressing regime that are
concomitantly soft, as is typical of polymer electrolytes, but feature
atypically low Li+ partial molar volume, more reminiscent of hard ceramics. Li
plating mediated by these SICs is uniform, as revealed using synchrotron hard
x-ray microtomography. As a result, cell cycle-life is extended, even when
assembled with thin Li anodes and high-voltage NMC-622 cathodes, where 20
percent of the Li inventory is reversibly cycled
The Mechanical Properties of Single Fibrin Fibers
Background:
Blood clots perform the mechanical task of stemming the flow of blood.
Objectives:
To advance understanding and realistic modeling of blood clot behavior we determined the mechanical properties of the major structural component of blood clots, fibrin fibers.
Methods:
We used a combined atomic force microscopy (AFM)/fluorescence microscopy technique to determine key mechanical properties of single crosslinked and uncrosslinked fibrin fibers.
Results and conclusions:
Overall, full crosslinking renders fibers less extensible, stiffer, and less elastic than their uncrosslinked counterparts. All fibers showed stress relaxation behavior (time-dependent weakening) with a fast and a slow relaxation time, 2 and 52 s. In detail, crosslinked and uncrosslinked fibrin fibers can be stretched to 2.5 and 3.3 times their original length before rupturing. Crosslinking increased the stiffness of fibers by a factor of 2, as the total elastic modulus, E0, increased from 3.9 to 8.0 MPa and the relaxed, elastic modulus, Eâ, increased from 1.9 to 4.0 MPa upon crosslinking. Moreover, fibers stiffened with increasing strain (strain hardening), as E0 increased by a factor of 1.9 (crosslinked) and 3.0 (uncrosslinked) at strains Δ \u3e 110%. At low strains, the portion of dissipated energy per stretch cycle was small (\u3c 10%) for uncrosslinked fibers, but significant (approximately 40%) for crosslinked fibers. At strains \u3e 100%, all fiber types dissipated about 70% of the input energy. We propose a molecular model to explain our data. Our single fiber data can now also be used to construct a realistic, mechanical model of a fibrin network
Flow field studies using holographic interferometry at Langley
Some of the uses of holographic interferometry at Langley Research Center both for flow visualization and for density field determinations are described and tests in cryogenic flows at the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel are discussed. Experimental and theoretical fringe shift data are compared
Atomistic Simulation of Water Percolation and Proton Hopping in Nafion Fuel Cell Membrane
We have performed a detailed analysis of water clustering and percolation in hydrated Nafion configurations generated by classical molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that at low hydration levels H2O molecules are isolated and a continuous hydrogen-bonded network forms as the hydration level is increased. Our quantitative analysis has established a hydration level (λ) between 5 and 6 H2O/SO3â as the percolation threshold of Nafion. We have also examined the effect of such a network on proton transport by studying the structural diffusion of protons using the quantum hopping molecular dynamics method. The mean residence time of the proton on a water molecule decreases by 2 orders of magnitude when the λ value is increased from 5 to 15. The proton diffusion coefficient in Nafion at a λ value of 15 is about 1.1 Ă 10â5 cm2/s in agreement with experiment. The results provide quantitative atomic-level evidence of water network percolation in Nafion and its effect on proton conductivity
Student teachers' participation in learning activities and effective teaching behaviours
Teacher learning is essential to the teaching profession, because it has been strongly linked to improved teaching practices and teacher quality. The source for teacher learning is initial teacher education, a crucial phase in the learning-to-teach continuum. To gain insight into this influential period for student teachersâ long-term professional lives, this exploratory study investigates student teachersâ participation in learning activities and explores whether it is connected to their own effective teaching behaviours in a school-based teacher education setting for secondary education in the Netherlands. The results indicate that student teachers vary in their self-reported learning and that this learning relates positively to observations of their effective teaching behaviour. These findings have several implications for teacher education programmes that aim to enhance the likelihood that their student teachers will become career-long learning professionals
Retinyl Ester Analysis by Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
Retinoids are light-sensitive molecules that are normally detected by UV absorption techniques. Here we describe the identification and quantification of retinyl ester species by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Retinyl esters are extracted by the method of Bligh and Dyer and subsequently separated by HPLC in runs of 40 min. The retinyl esters are identified and quantified by mass spectrometry analysis. This procedure enables the highly sensitive detection and characterization of retinyl esters in biological samples such as hepatic stellate cells
The Buckling Spectra of Nanoparticle Surfactant Assemblies
Fine control over the mechanical properties of thin sheets underpins transcytosis, cell shape, and morphogenesis. Applying these principles to artificial, liquid-based systems has led to reconfigurable materials for soft robotics, actuation, and chemical synthesis. However, progress is limited by a lack of synthetic two-dimensional membranes that exhibit tunable mechanical properties over a comparable range to that seen in nature. Here, we show that the bending modulus, B, of thin assemblies of nanoparticle surfactants (NPSs) at the oilâwater interface can be varied continuously from sub-kBT to 106kBT, by varying the ligands and particles that comprise the NPS. We find extensive departure from continuum behavior, including enormous mechanical anisotropy and a power law relation between B and the buckling spectrum width. Our findings provide a platform for shape-changing liquid devices and motivate new theories for the description of thin-film wrinkling
Drawing the Line: How African, Caribbean and White British Women Live Out Psychologically Abusive Experiences
The final, definitive version of this paper has been published in Violence Against Women, 19 (9):1104-32, Sept 2013 by SAGE Publications Ltd, All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2013.
The online version of this article can be found at: http://vaw.sagepub.com/content/19/9/110
The influence of anesthetics, neurotransmitters and antibiotics on the relaxation processes in lipid membranes
In the proximity of melting transitions of artificial and biological
membranes fluctuations in enthalpy, area, volume and concentration are
enhanced. This results in domain formation, changes of the elastic constants,
changes in permeability and slowing down of relaxation processes. In this study
we used pressure perturbation calorimetry to investigate the relaxation time
scale after a jump into the melting transition regime of artificial lipid
membranes. This time corresponds to the characteristic rate of domain growth.
The studies were performed on single-component large unilamellar and
multilamellar vesicle systems with and without the addition of small molecules
such as general anesthetics, neurotransmitters and antibiotics. These drugs
interact with membranes and affect melting points and profiles. In all systems
we found that heat capacity and relaxation times are related to each other in a
simple manner. The maximum relaxation time depends on the cooperativity of the
heat capacity profile and decreases with a broadening of the transition. For
this reason the influence of a drug on the time scale of domain formation
processes can be understood on the basis of their influence on the heat
capacity profile. This allows estimations of the time scale of domain formation
processes in biological membranes.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure
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