THE PSEUDONYMOUS CODE OF G. CHKHARTISHVILI

This paper sets out to systematize the multiple pseudonyms used by the contemporary writer G. Chkhartishvili. These are B. Akunin (The Adventures of Erast Fandorin, The Adventures of Sister Pelagia, a series of novels The Adventures of the Master, the project Genres, the plays The Seagull, Yin and Yang, the project The History of the Russian State), Boris Akunin and Grigory Chkhartishvili (Cemetery Stories), Akunin-Chkhartishvili (Aristonomy, Another Way), Grigory Chkhartishvili (The Writer and Suicide), Anatoly Brusnikin (Devyatny Spas, Hero of Another Time, Bellona) and Anna Borisova (Kreativschik, There, The Seasons). We investigate reasons for the multiplicity of Akuninian pseudonyms, a strategically honed system of which contributes to his authorial image. It is shown that, while the commercial pseudonyms are aimed at promoting his new literary projects and are implemented through a conspiracy game played with the reader, the creative ones serve to manifest the author ' s breadth of interests and philological knowledge such that every new pen name triggers a new writing strategy and a new creative tactic. The analysis of various literary masks' influence on the author ' s creative outcome shows that each pseudonym is 'placed' in the literary, genre or artistic time of the text. B. Akunin is primarily the author of historical retro-detective stories, whereas adventure novels are signed by the pen name of A. Brusnikin. A. Borisova 'writes' prose set in the present day. From the very beginning, the author's real name has been always assigned to his serious literature. The authorial system of names is being constantly refined, distinguishing B. Akunin, the fiction writer, from G. Chkhartishvili, the elite literature writer, in the novels Aristonomy and Another Way the twinned name Akunin-Chartishvili deliver another conceptual image. In conclusion it is stated that the abundance of Chartishvili's pen names evinces the author's intellectual and personal intrigue, which points to multiconceptual character of their pseudonymous code, being auto-and self-marketing, creative auto- and self-identification.The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFFI) - the Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, project No. 17-21-07002, and the type of grant - a (m): "A Soviet person in the ambivalent reception of Hungarian and Russian humanitaristics of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Morphometric characteristics of the external diameter of fallopian tube funnel at different periods of life in parous women

The lack of accurate information in the scientific literature highlighting the parameters of the fallopian tube funnel in the period from adolescence to old age was the reason for performing this work.The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the parameters of the external diameter of the fallopian tube funnel in women who gave birth in the period from adolescence to old age using autopsy specimens.Material and methods. The work was based on the results of a morphometric study of both fallopian tubes in 126 women aged 16 to 88 years who had given birth and were divided into five groups (Group I comprised 24 women in their early teens, Group II comprised 26 women in their first adulthood, Group III comprised 23 women in their second adulthood, Group IV comprised 28 elderly women, Group V comprised 25 senile women.Results. The parameters of the external diameter of the fallopian tubes of women in the period from adolescence to old age have no statistically reliable differences; there is a tendency for the values to increase with age. Comparative analysis of values of the external diameter of the right and left fallopian tubes funnels showed statistically reliable predominance of the right fallopian tube funnel parameters in adolescence and old age. In the first and second periods of adulthood and old age, no statistically significant difference in the parameters of the external diameter of the funnel of the right fallopian tube was found; the tendency to the predominance of the funnel diameter values of the right fallopian tube in comparison with the left one was noted.Conclusions. The parameters of the external diameter of the fallopian tubes funnel in the period from adolescence to old age serve as reference values of the age morphological norm in women who have given birth, supplementing the currently available scientific data on the peculiarities of fallopian tube structure. These results can be applied to prospective basic and clinical research

High efficiency and low absorption Fresnel compound zone plates for hard X-ray focusing

Circular and linear zone plates have been fabricated on the surface of silicon crystals for the energy of 8 keV by electron beam lithography and deep ion plasma etching methods. Various variants of compound zone plates with first, second, third diffraction orders have been made. The zone relief height is about 10 mkm, the outermost zone width of the zone plate is 0.4 mkm. The experimental testing of the zone plates has been conducted on SPring-8 and ESRF synchrotron radiation sources. A focused spot size and diffraction efficiency measured by knife-edge scanning are accordingly 0.5 mkm and 39% for the first order circular zone plate.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure

Diffraction theory of imaging with X-ray compound refractive lens

Abstract Specific features of X-ray compound refractive lens (XCRL) with parabolic profile of concave surfaces for hard Xray focusing and micro-imaging are analyzed theoretically. Large longitudinal size L of the XCRL requires a verification of the thin lens approximation widely used in the literature. We show that the parabolic XCRL can be treated as a thin lens placed in the middle of the XCRL with the focal length F l ¼ F þ L=6, where F is the XCRL focal distance in the thin lens approximation. The relatively small aperture of XCRL due to the absorption of X-rays leads to finite resolution and phase effects (or artifacts) of the images. This feature reveals itself as a visibility of transparent objects. It is shown that XCRL allows one to visualize the local phase gradient of the radiation wave field produced by the object. This opens quite a new technique of micro-imaging for purely phase objects which is different from the traditional phase contrast micro-imaging techniques. Optical properties of XCRL as a Fourier transformer are considered as well

Lepidoptera (Insecta) of proposed specially protected natural area "Belokurikha nature park" (Northern Altai). First results

149 Lepidoptera species from 16 families were reported for the territory of the proposed protected area "Belokurikha Natural Park". This list is the primary data on the fauna of Lepidoptera in the region. Most of the species belongs to Euro-Siberian and Transpalaearctic groups

The problem of osteoarthritis of the knee joint and running through the prism of magnetic resonance tomography

The number of women and the elderly has now increased among marathon runners. This cohort has a high risk of osteoarthritis development. The hypothesis, based on little scientific evidence, is that the additional stress on knee joints that occurs during long running can potentially lead to damage to joint structures and osteoarthritis development. The review presents modern generalized data on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of knee joints in long-distance runners. Special attention is paid to the syndrome of fluid increase in subchondral bone, which is determined by increasing the signal intensity in T2-weighted images (decrease in T1-weighted images), called bone marrow oedema (BMO). Classification and pathogenetic variants of BMO development (theory of intrusion and contusion) are presented. Particular cases of BMO development in marathon runners are considered. The dynamics of BMO in different time intervals after the races in beginners and professional marathon runners is described. Changes in MRI images of knee cartilage after running on the treadmill in healthy women and in women suffering from osteoarthritis are shown. A comparison of the frequency of osteoarthritis of knee joints in runners compared to footballers and weightlifters was made. The conclusion was made on the preventive effect of long walking and running (at least 12.5 km/week), including marathon distances, on the development and progression of osteoarthritis of knee joints

“But There Is No East and Also No West”: Overcoming National Barriers in Akunin’s Way

Поступила в редакцию: 21.09.2022. Принята к печати: 02.02.2023.Submitted: 21.09.2022. Accepted: 02.02.2023.В статье на материале разножанровых текстов Б. Акунина (проект «Приключения Эраста Фандорина», «Сказки народов мира», самоучитель по беллетристике «Русский в Англии») предпринят анализ писательской концепции национальной идентичности и возможности / невозможности преодоления межнационального взаимонепонимания. Отмечено, что «решение национального вопроса» за тридцать лет работы писателя в литературе претерпело определенные изменения. Показано, что в Фандоринском проекте Б. Акунин сосредоточен на моделировании и описании трех барьеров, существующих при восприятии и оценке инонационального (барьер чужого языка; барьер чужого быта; барьер иной ментальности). В «Сказках народов мира» писатель берет иной ракурс осмысления национального комплекса: его интересует характер соотнесенности национального и общечеловеческого. Эта книга о том, что национальная особость — не что иное, как вариант инварианта, в ней осмыслены общечеловеческие ценности в национальной аранжировке. Самоучитель по беллетристике «Русский в Англии» может быть прочитан как итоговые размышления Б. Акунина о вопросе возможности / невозможности межнационального взаимопонимания. Анализ произведения показал, что одновременно это книга профессиональной и национальной самоидентификации. Б. Акунин не упрощает возможности межнационального диалога. Согласно концепции писателя, необходимо не приспособиться к иному национальному образу жизни, но понять его, только тогда начинает «работать» формула «он как я», реализующая себя чрезвычайно редко и всегда неполно. Попытка понять другую ментальность предполагает целый комплекс личностных качеств, в основе которого — способность к диалогу, аналитизм, интеллектуальность, культурологический багаж и — главное — человечность.This article analyses Boris Akunin’s writing concept of national identity and the possibility or impossibility of overcoming cross-national non-communication. The analysis is based on Akunin’s texts of different genres (the Erast Fandorin’s Adventures project, Tales from All Over the World, and Russian Man in England, a self-study book on fiction). It is noted that the “solution of the national question” during the thirty years of the writer’s work in literature has undergone certain changes. The authors demonstrate that in the Fandorin project, Boris Akunin focuses on modelling and describing three barriers that exist in the perception and evaluation of the unfamiliar (the barrier of a foreign language, the barrier of a foreign way of life, and the barrier of foreign mentality). In Tales from All Over the World, the writer takes a different perspective of understanding the national complex. He is interested in the correlation between the national and the universal. This book is about the fact that national identity is nothing but a variant of an invariant, it comprehends universal values in a national arrangement. The self-study book on fiction Russian Man in England can be read as Akunin’s final reflections on the possibility or impossibility of crossnational understanding. The analysis of this work demonstrates that it is a book of professional and national self-identification at the same time. Akunin does not simplify the possibilities of interethnic dialogue. According to the writer’s concept, it is necessary not to adapt to a different national way of life, but to understand it. Only then does the formula “they are like me” begin to “work” realising itself extremely rarely and always incompletely. An attempt to understand a different mentality presupposes a whole complex of personal qualities, which is based on the ability for dialogue, analytics, intellectuality, cultural baggage and, most importantly, humanity