The Category of Node-and-Choice Forms, with Subcategories for Choice-Sequence Forms and Choice-Set Forms

The literature specifies extensive-form games in many styles, and eventually I hope to formally translate games across those styles. Toward that end, this paper defines $\mathbf{NCF}$, the category of node-and-choice forms. The category's objects are extensive forms in essentially any style, and the category's isomorphisms are made to accord with the literature's small handful of ad hoc style equivalences. Further, this paper develops two full subcategories: $\mathbf{CsqF}$ for forms whose nodes are choice-sequences, and $\mathbf{CsetF}$ for forms whose nodes are choice-sets. I show that $\mathbf{NCF}$ is "isomorphically enclosed" in $\mathbf{CsqF}$ in the sense that each $\mathbf{NCF}$ form is isomorphic to a $\mathbf{CsqF}$ form. Similarly, I show that $\mathbf{CsqF_{\tilde a}}$ is isomorphically enclosed in $\mathbf{CsetF}$ in the sense that each $\mathbf{CsqF}$ form with no-absentmindedness is isomorphic to a $\mathbf{CsetF}$ form. The converses are found to be almost immediate, and the resulting equivalences unify and simplify two ad hoc style equivalences in Kline and Luckraz 2016 and Streufert 2019. Aside from the larger agenda, this paper already makes three practical contributions. Style equivalences are made easier to derive by [1] a natural concept of isomorphic invariance and [2] the composability of isomorphic enclosures. In addition, [3] some new consequences of equivalence are systematically deduced.Comment: 43 pages, 9 figure

Clinical Recommendations of the Northwest Society for Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition, Interregional Association for Emergency Surgery, Russian Gastroenterological Association, Union of Rehabilitation Therapists of Russia and Russian Transplantation Society on Diagnosis and Treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome-Associated Intestinal Failure in Adults

Aim. Current clinical recommendations address the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of possible immediate and long-term complications, as well as the problematic issues related to treatment and rehabilitation of adult short bowel syndrome patients.Key points. Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a symptom complex of impaired digestion caused by the reduction of small intestine absorptive surface and manifested by intestinal failure (IF) of various severity (maldigestion and malabsorption) developing into malnutrition and systemic somatogenic disorders. The vital strategic aspects of its treatment are the personalisation of liquid, macro- and micronutrients consumption as well as avoidance of intestinal failure- and parenteral nutrition-associated complications. Various nutritional support regimes and the indications for infusion therapy and maintenance parenteral nutrition are considered in this patient category, also in outpatient settings. To mitigate the dependence on intravenous fluid- and nutrient administration and attain enteral autonomy in SBS-IF patients, the use of recombinant glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is justified as exerting a pronounced trophic effect on the epithelial regenerative potential as well as structural and functional adaptation of intestinal mucosa. The SBS-IF patients prescribed with home parenteral nutrition and/or their caregivers should be trained in a special programme that covers the catheter care, preparation of infusion solutions and nutrient mixture container, infusion pump operation as well as the prevention, recognition and management of complications. The main referral indications for small bowel transplantation (SBT) are: fast-progressing cholestatic liver disease-complicated irreversible intestinal failure; thrombosis of two or more central venous conduits used for parenteral nutrition; recurrent catheter-associated bloodstream infection.Conclusion. Current recommendations on diagnosis and treatment as well as the developed criteria of medical aid quality assessment are applicable at different levels of healthcare

Confinement of the charged microparticles by alternating electric fields in a gas flow

This paper presents the simulation and experimental results of charged microparticles dynamics in electrodynamic traps in a gas flow at atmospheric pressure. For the first time the capture and confinement of charged microparticles in a linear Paul trap has been experimentally confirmed at atmospheric pressure in gas flows. The regions of the microparticle, linear Paul trap and gas flow parameters needed for microparticle confinement have been obtained and experimentally tested

Stable (Cu, Mg) and radiogenic (Sr, Nd) isotope fractionation in colloids of boreal organic-rich waters

International audienceStable (Cu and Mg) and radiogenic (Sr and Nd) isotopic compositions in filtrates and ultrafiltrates of various size fractions have been measured in waters of subarctic watersheds (NW Russia) and in temperate rivers and lakes of the south boreal zone. A large volume of samples were filtered in the field using cascade filtration and ultrafiltration employing progressively decreasing pore sizes (100, 20, 10, 5, 0.8, 0.4, 0.22, and 0.1 mu m; 100, 10 and 1 kDa) followed by element isotopic analysis using thermal ionization mass spectrometers and a Neptune multicollector ICP-MS. In the boreal watershed underlain by Archean and Proterozoic rocks, the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio decreased in the 1-100 kDa ultrafiltrates and dialysates by 0.0001-0.0004 units compared to the 0.45 mu m filtrates. Despite the dominance of colloids in the Nd speciation in surface waters, the isotopic value of Nd in the filtrates and ultrafiltrates remained constant within the uncertainty of the measurements. We hypothesize the absence of an atmospheric input of silicate dust for Nd but the presence of marine aerosols for Sr. It follows that the Sr in the investigated surface waters has a short residence time compared to the time required for achieving isotopic equilibrium between the colloidal (1 kDa-022 mu m) and truly dissolved (<1 kDa) pools. For Nd, the residence time is long enough to achieve this equilibrium. The stable isotope composition of Cu in the streams remained constant within +/- 0.1 parts per thousand during filtration through 100 pm to I kDa membranes, despite the fact that 40-60% of Cu was colloidal. This result suggests that the homogeneity of the Cu isotopic composition within the colloidal and truly dissolved pools is likely associated with the similarity of the structure and stability of Cu(II) complexes with fulvic adds of different molecular weights. The stable isotope composition of dissolved Mg in soil solution and bog surface water demonstrates similar, within the analytical uncertainty, isotopic signatures between truly dissolved and colloidal fractions.Despite the dramatically different structures of the metal-dissolved organic matter (DOM) complexes for Cu2+ and Mg2+, the results of the present work reveal a high homogeneity of stable isotope compositions between colloidal (1 kDa-0.22 mu m) and ultrafiltered (<1 kDa) fractions, which is presumably due to the high rate of isotopic exchange between the colloidal and ionic forms of the metals. Variation of radiogenic isotopic composition of Sr among ultrafiltered, colloidal and particulate fractions suggests that there is a contribution of atmospheric input to the chemical composition of surface waters and provides certain constraints on the isotopic composition of Sr carried by small organic-rich boreal rivers to the Arctic Ocean. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

ВЛИЯНИЕ СУБСТРАТНЫХ АНТИГИПОКСАНТОВ НА МИОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКУЮ АКТИВНОСТЬ ЖЕЛУДОЧНО-КИШЕЧНОГО ТРАКТА У ПОСТРАДАВШИХ С ТЯЖЕЛОЙ СОЧЕТАННОЙ ТРАВМОЙ

In an observational study of patients with severe concomitant injury (SCI) (n=80) revealed violations of myoelectric activity of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) show a decrease in the total electrical activity and discoordination electrical activity of its departments. The use of antihypoxants in treatment of heavy concomitant injury promotes normalization of the indicators. The use of antihypoxants normalized EMG myoelectric activity, in particular eliminates the imbalance of power between the stomach, duodenum and other GI departments.В обсервационном обследовании пострадавших с тяжелой сочетанной травмой (ТСТ) (80 чел.) были выявлены нарушения миоэлектрической активности желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ), проявлявшиеся снижением суммарной электрической активности и дискоординацией электрической активности его отделов. Использование субстратных антигипоксантов в комплексном лечении тяжелой сочетанной травмы способствует нормализации показателей. Применение субстратных антигипоксантов нормализует показатели миоэлектрической активности ЭГЭГ, в частности устраняет дисбаланс суммарной мощности между вышележащими (желудок, двенадцатиперстная кишка) и другими отделами ЖКТ, устраняет дискордантные сокращения тощей и подвздошной кишки