Women Workers of St. Petersburg in the Late 19th — early 20th Centuries

The article is devoted to the analysis of the conditions of labor activity, as well as the peculiarities of family life and everyday life of women employed at the enterprises of the factory industry of St. Petersburg in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. At the present stage of development of Russia, there is still a high proportion of female labor in industry, which determines the relevance of the problem under study in order to take into account the historical experience in regulating the complex sphere of labor relations. The question of the main factors in the formation of the female labor force in St. Petersburg during the post-reform period is raised in the article. The industries in which female labor was most widely represented are identified. Issues related to the peculiarities of the professional activity of female workers (working conditions, level of wages, problems of social protection, etc.) are discussed in detail. The circumstances of private, personal life are analyzed, the influence of material factors in the life of workers on the family life is revealed. It is concluded that the contradictions between the new status of a woman, who is able to independently determine her own fate, and the preservation of her unequal position in society, led to the wide participation of women workers in the political life of St. Petersburg during the First World War and the 1917 revolution

Влияние габаритных параметров цилиндрического экрана на эффективность экранирования

Study of dimensional parametersʼ influence on shielding properties of cylindrical shields will allow to optimise the fusion process, as well as to reduce production costs by reducing the material used. The purpose of this work was to compare results of theoretical calculation of shielding effectiveness of an infinite cylindrical shield with the data obtained in real conditions.A cylindrical Ni-Fe shield was synthesised by electrochemical deposition with length of 32 cm, diameter of 4.5 cm and shielding thickness of ≈ 100 µm. The cylinder length was then reduced from 32 cm to 6 cm in 4 cm increments and for each cylinder length shielding effectiveness was measured using three-coordinate Helmholtz field-forming system.The measurement results show that the calculation of shielding effectiveness of infinite cylindrical shield is valid for cylinder lengths l ≥ 18–20 cm. Shielding effectiveness is markedly reduced at values of l ˂ 15 cm.Analysis of data obtained allowed to conclude that it is necessary to determine the correction factor when calculating a cylindrical screen shielding efficiencyИзучение влияния габаритных параметров на экранирующие свойства цилиндрических экранов позволит оптимизировать процесс синтеза, а также снизить затраты на производство, за счёт уменьшения используемого материала. Целью данной работы было сравнение результатов теоретического расчёта эффективности экранирования бесконечного цилиндрического экрана и данных, полученных в реальных условиях.Методом электрохимического осаждения был синтезирован цилиндрический экран Ni-Fe, длина которого составила 32 см, диаметр 4,5 см, толщина экранирующего покрытия составила≈ 100 мкм. Затем длина цилиндра уменьшалась от 30 до 6 см с шагом в 4 см, для каждой длины цилиндра была измерена эффективность экранирования с помощью полеобразующей системы трёхкоординатных катушек Гельмгольца.Результаты измерений показали, что расчёт эффективности экранирования бесконечного цилиндрического экрана справедлив при длине цилиндра l ≥ 18–20 см. При значениях l ˂ 15 см эффективность экранирования заметно снижается.Анализ полученных данных позволил сделать вывод о необходимости определения поправочного коэффициента при расчётах эффективности экранирования цилиндрического экрана

Primordial Compositions of Refractory Inclusions

Bulk chemical and oxygen, magnesium and silicon isotopic compositions were measured for each of 17 Types A and B refractory inclusions from CV3 chondrites. After bulk chemical compositions were corrected for non-representative sampling in the laboratory, the Mg and Si isotopic compositions of each inclusion were used to calculate its original chemical composition assuming that the heavy-isotope enrichments of these elements are due to Rayleigh fractionation that accompanied their evaporation from CMAS liquids. The resulting pre-evaporation chemical compositions are consistent with those predicted by equilibrium thermodynamic calculations for high-temperature nebular condensates but only if different inclusions condensed from nebular regions that ranged in total pressure from 10{sup -6} to 10{sup -1} bar, regardless of whether they formed in a system of solar composition or in one enriched in OC dust relative to gas by a factor of ten relative to solar composition. This is similar to the range of total pressures predicted by dynamic models of the solar nebula for regions whose temperatures are in the range of silicate condensation temperatures. Alternatively, if departure from equilibrium condensation and/or non-representative sampling of condensates in the nebula occurred, the inferred range of total pressure could be smaller. Simple kinetic modeling of evaporation successfully reproduces observed chemical compositions of most inclusions from their inferred pre-evaporation compositions, suggesting that closed-system isotopic exchange processes did not have a significant effect on their isotopic compositions. Comparison of pre-evaporation compositions with observed ones indicates that 80% of the enrichment in refractory CaO + Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} relative to more volatile MgO + SiO{sub 2} is due to initial condensation and 20% due to subsequent evaporation for both Type A and Type B inclusions

Method of the decision of tasks of heat conduction on the basis of determination of the front of temperature perturbation

On the basis of an integral method by determination of the front of temperature perturbation the approximate analytical solution of the nonstationary task of heat conduction for infinitely extensive plate is received. In case of the symmetric boundary conditions of the first kind in a stage of the irregular mode of heat exchange. The decision allows to execute assessment of a temperature status of a plate for small and midget values of temporary variable.На основе интегрального метода путем определения фронта температурного возмущения получено приближенное аналитическое решение нестационарной задачи теплопроводности для бесконечно протяженной пластины. При симметричных граничных условиях первого рода в стадии нерегулярного режима теплообмена. Решение позволяет выполнять оценку температурного состояния пластины для малых и сверхмалых значений временной переменной

Influence of Cylindrical Shield Dimensions on Shielding Effectiveness

Study of dimensional parametersʼ influence on shielding properties of cylindrical shields will allow to optimise the fusion process, as well as to reduce production costs by reducing the material used. The purpose of this work was to compare results of theoretical calculation of shielding effectiveness of an infinite cylindrical shield with the data obtained in real conditions. A cylindrical Ni-Fe shield was synthesised by electrochemical deposition with length of 32 cm, diameter of 4.5 cm and shielding thickness of ≈ 100 μm. The cylinder length was then reduced from 32 cm to 6 cm in 4 cm increments and for each cylinder length shielding effectiveness was measured using three-coordinate Helmholtz field-forming system. The measurement results show that the calculation of shielding effectiveness of infinite cylindrical shield is valid for cylinder lengths l ≥ 18–20 cm. Shielding effectiveness is markedly reduced at values of l ˂ 15 cm. Analysis of data obtained allowed to conclude that it is necessary to determine the correction factor when calculating a cylindrical screen shielding efficiency

Evaluation of methanol crossover in proton-conducting polyphosphazene membranes

A diffusion cell was developed to evaluate the methanol crossover for a novel class of polyphosphazene electrolyte membranes. It was found that the methanol diffusion coefficients of phenyl phosphonic acid functionalized poly[aryloxyphosphazene] membranes in an aqueous methanol solution (50% v/v) were ∼40 times lower than for Nafion 117, and ∼10–20 times lower than for sulfonated polyphosphazene membranes

Primordial compositions of refractory inclusions

Bulk chemical and O-, Mg- and Si-isotopic compositions were measured for each of 17 Types A and B refractory inclusions from CV3 chondrites. After bulk chemical compositions were corrected for non-representative sampling in the laboratory, the Mg- and Si-isotopic compositions of each inclusion were used to calculate its original chemical composition assuming that the heavy-isotope enrichments of these elements are due to Rayleigh fractionation that accompanied their evaporation from CMAS liquids. The resulting pre-evaporation chemical compositions are consistent with those predicted by equilibrium thermodynamic calculations for high-temperature nebular condensates, but only if different inclusions condensed from nebular regions that ranged in total pressure from 10−6 to 10−1 bar, regardless of whether they formed in a system of solar composition or in one enriched in dust of ordinary chondrite composition relative to gas by a factor of 10 compared to solar composition. This is similar to the range of total pressures predicted by dynamic models of the solar nebula for regions whose temperatures are in the range of silicate condensation temperatures. Alternatively, if departure from equilibrium condensation and/or non-representative sampling of condensates in the nebula occurred, the inferred range of total pressure could be smaller. Simple kinetic modeling of evaporation successfully reproduces observed chemical compositions of most inclusions from their inferred pre-evaporation compositions, suggesting that closed-system isotopic exchange processes did not have a significant effect on their isotopic compositions. Comparison of pre-evaporation compositions with observed ones indicates that 80% of the enrichment in refractory CaO + Al2O3 relative to more volatile MgO + SiO2 is due to initial condensation and 20% due to subsequent evaporation for both Types A and B inclusions