Corporate Governance: Perspektif Teori Perusahaan

The main differences between corporate governance theory from the theory of the firm perspective and other perspectives, such as simple finance perspective, the stewardship perspective, the political perspective, and the stakeholder perspective, is the power of the agent The theory of the firm perspective assumes that agent has a dominant power but the other perspectives assume principal has a dominant power. The agent build information asymmetry through increasing risk and complexity of the firm. The increasing of business risk induce principal to invite other principal to spread the risk. When the stake of principal in the firm is small relative to her wealth, their incentive to monitor the agent tend to decreasing. The complexity of the firm need a lot of good monitor. Since good monitor is limited then agent will be under monitored

Indonesian Fintech Business: New Innovations or Foster and Collaborate in Business Ecosystems?

. There are many innovative products fail to reach minimum critical mass adopter and cease to exist. New financial technology products are not an exception because the current financial technology to facilitate transactions, whether payment, investment, and insurance still function remarkably well. Since new financial technology products have features to better serve low to middle-level customers in the form of higher convenience level and lower costs than the current financial technology products, the initiatives to ensure their success is imperative. Thus, the purpose of this study is to present propositions based on a literature review to encourage companies to simultaneously have two competencies, first competencies in new product development and second, competencies to foster and collaborate with other companies in within and across business ecosystems. The implications of this paper are companies with higher competencies to foster and collaborate with other companies, even though they start with relatively basic innovative product, have higher probability to reach minimum critical mass of adopter and higher probability to become leader in their business ecosystem and government need to maintain their active role to foster collaboration within and across business ecosystem

Determination of rainfall thresholds for landslide prediction using an algorithm-based approach: Case study in the Darjeeling Himalayas, India

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Landslides are one of the most devastating and commonly recurring natural hazards in the Indian Himalayas. They contribute to infrastructure damage, land loss and human casualties. Most of the landslides are primarily rainfall-induced and the relationship has been well very well-established, having been commonly defined using empirical-based models which use statistical approaches to determine the parameters of a power-law equation. One of the main drawbacks using the traditional empirical methods is that it fails to reduce the uncertainties associated with threshold calculation. The present study overcomes these limitations by identifying the precipitation condition responsible for landslide occurrence using an algorithm-based model. The methodology involves the use of an automated tool which determines cumulated event rainfall–rainfall duration thresholds at various exceedance probabilities and the associated uncertainties. The analysis has been carried out for the Kalimpong Region of the Darjeeling Himalayas using rainfall and landslide data for the period 2010–2016. The results signify that a rainfall event of 48 h with a cumulated event rainfall of 36.7 mm can cause landslides in the study area. Such a study is the first to be conducted for the Indian Himalayas and can be considered as a first step in determining more reliable thresholds which can be used as part of an operational early-warning system

Study on bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women and associated factors on maternal and fetal outcome

Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition in which the normal, lactobacillus-predominant vaginal flora is replaced with anaerobic bacteria, gardnerella vaginalis and mycoplasma hominis1. It is one cause of vaginitis among pregnant and non-pregnant women and an extremely prevalent vaginal condition.Methods: The present study was conducted on all antenatal women attending OPD satisfying the inclusion criteria was taken during the study period 1st October 2012 to 30th June 2014 in GSL General Hospital, Rajahmundry was examined for bacterial vaginosis using Nugent score. All pertinent obstetric and neonatal data covering antenatal events during the course of pregnancy, delivery, puerperium and condition of each newborn at the time of birth was collected. BV was detected by both Gramstain (Nugent criteria) and gold standard clinical criteria (Amsel’s composite criteria).Results: In this study bacterial vaginosis is seen in 313 cases of educated women (62.6%) as most of them have got primary education and 187 (37.4%) cases are uneducated. In this study, symptomatic bacterial vaginosis is more common in multigravida (Bladder -23; Discharge -50) 73 (22%) when compared with primigravida 11 (6.5%) probably because of longer period of marital life. In this study antenatal risk factors like previous IUCD (4.2%) use, H/O STD’s (1.4%), husband having h/o of multiple sexual partners (1.8%) are 7.4%.No cases of smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, douching were reported.Conclusions: Both primigravida and multigravida asymptomatic cases are more when compared to symptomatic cases leading to the need for routine screening. Routine screening of antenatal women resulted in the decrease of adverse pregnancy outcome

Respons Hematopoitik Mencit yang Diinfeksi dengan Plasmodium Berghei Stadium Eritrositik Iradiasi Gamma

RESPONS HEMATOPOITIK MENCIT YANG DIINFEKSI DENGAN Plasmodiumberghei STADIUM ERITROSITIK IRADIASI GAMMA. Salah satu strategi untuk mengontrolpenyakit malaria adalah pengembangan vaksin melalui pelemahan parasit Plasmodium bergheidengan iradiasi gamma. Pada penelitian ini, P. berghei yang diiradiasi gamma dan yang tidakdiiradiasi disuntikkan secara peritoneal pada mencit untuk mempelajari respons hematopoitik.Respons hematopoitik ditentukan melalui persen parasitemia, jumlah eritrosit, leukosit, limfosit,dan monosit setiap 2 hari sekali selama 14 hari. Berat organ limpa dan hati mencit diukursetiap 3 hari sesudah infeksi. Mencit yang diinfeksi dengan parasit yang diiradiasi memilikiperiode prepaten 5 hari dengan parasitemia rendah dan jumlah eritrosit mengalami sedikitpenurunan. Jumlah leukosit naik hampir dua kali dari konsentrasi awal, dan jumlah limfosit sertamonosit juga mengalami kenaikan. Mencit yang diinfeksi dengan P. berghei tanpa iradiasimemiliki periode prepaten 2 hari dengan parasitemia meningkat, jumlah eritrosit mengalamipenurunan hingga 75%, dan jumlah leukosit tidak mengalami peningkatan. Limpa maupun hatimencit yang diinfeksi dengan P. berghei yang diiradiasi mengalami sedikit kenaikan berat,sedangkan pada mencit yang diinfeksi dengan P. berghei tanpa iradiasi terjadi kenaikan yangsignifikan. Peningkatan jumlah leukosit, limfosit, monosit, dan rendahnya parasitemia padamencit yang diinfeksi P. berghei yang diiradiasi menunjukkan terjadinya respons imun padamencit

The Relation between Dividend and Financial Constraints to Firm Value

This study examines the relation between dividends and financial constraints to firm value using publicly traded firms in Indonesia from 2013 to 2017. The very exploration used a repeated cross section regression method to understand monotonic and non-monotonic alliance between dividends and financial constraints to firm value. The non-monotonic correlation measured by dummy variables for 6 dividends categories, i.e. 0 category is defined as firms that did not pay dividends and category 5 is defined as firms that pay dividends with the highest quintile. It is found that monotonic bond lowers the financial constraints that has more important and consistent positive effects on firm value relative to dividends. These findings imply investors to have higher preferences for a firm’s ability to realize good investment projects and provide higher future profits, relative to current profit in the form of dividends. It also found that non-monotonic connection between dividends and firm value and dividends and financial constraints have relatively equal positive effect to firm value

How to study basement membrane stiffness as a biophysical trigger in prostate cancer and other age-related pathologies or metabolic diseases

Here we describe a protocol that can be used to study the biophysical microenvironment related to increased thickness and stiffness of the basement membrane (BM) during age-related pathologies and metabolic disorders (e.g. cancer, diabetes, microvascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy). The premise of the model is non-enzymatic crosslinking of reconstituted BM (rBM) matrix by treatment with glycolaldehyde (GLA) to promote advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) generation via the Maillard reaction. Examples of laboratory techniques that can be used to confirm AGE generation, non-enzymatic crosslinking and increased stiffness in GLA treated rBM are outlined. These include preparation of native rBM (treated with phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) and stiff rBM (treated with GLA) for determination of: its AGE content by photometric analysis and immunofluorescent microscopy, its non-enzymatic crosslinking by ((sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)) (SDS PAGE) as well as confocal microscopy, and its increased stiffness using rheometry. The procedure described here can be used to increase the rigidity (elastic moduli, E) of rBM up to 3.2-fold, consistent with measurements made in healthy versus diseased human prostate tissue. To recreate the biophysical microenvironment associated with the aging and diseased prostate gland three prostate cell types were introduced on to native rBM and stiff rBM: RWPE-1, prostate epithelial cells (PECs) derived from a normal prostate gland; BPH-1, PECs derived from a prostate gland affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); and PC3, metastatic cells derived from a secondary bone tumor originating from prostate cancer. Multiple parameters can be measured, including the size, shape and invasive characteristics of the 3D glandular acini formed by RWPE-1 and BPH-1 on native versus stiff rBM, and average cell length, migratory velocity and persistence of cell movement of 3D spheroids formed by PC3 cells under the same conditions. Cell signaling pathways and the subcellular localization of proteins can also be assessed

Formulation and Evaluation of Spray-Dried Esomeprazole Magnesium Microspheres

Purpose: To prepare and evaluate in vitro mucoadhesive esomeprazole magnesium microspheres for the treatment of Zollinger Ellison syndrome.Methods: The microspheres were prepared by spray drying technique using locust bean and xanthan gums as polymers. Esomeprazole magnesium was entrapped in the microspheres at various polymer/cross-linking ratios. Glutaraldehyde was used to cross-link the gums. The microspheres wereevaluated for their micromeritic properties and in vitro release. as well as by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results: The microspheres were discrete, spherical, and showed good drug entrapment efficiency (60.5 - 92.3 %). FTIR and DSC results indicate that the drug was compatible with the polymers used. Amongst all the formulations, F6 (drug:locust bean gum:xanthan gum, 1:2:2) showed the most suitable sustained release properties with 99.8 % of drug released at the end of 12 h.Conclusion: Microspheres prepared using locust bean and xanthan gums can be used as a sustained release delivery system for esomeprazole magnesium.Keywords: Spray drying, Microspheres, Esomeprazole magnesium, Sustained releas

Dissecting the RELICS cluster SPT-CLJ0615-5746 through the intracluster light: confirmation of the multiple merging state of the cluster formation

The intracluster light (ICL) fraction, measured at certain specific wavelengths, has been shown to provide a good marker for determining the dynamical stage of galaxy clusters, i.e., merging versus relaxed, for small to intermediate redshifts. Here, we apply it for the first time to a high-redshift system, SPT-CLJ0615-5746 at z=0.97, using its RELICS (Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey) observations in the optical and infrared. We find the ICL fraction signature of merging, with values ranging from 16 to 37%. A careful re-analysis of the X-ray data available for this cluster points to the presence of at least one current merger, and plausibly a second merger. These two results are in contradiction with previous works based on X-ray data, which claimed the relaxed state of SPT-CLJ0615-5746, and confirmed the evidences presented by kinematic analyses. We also found an abnormally high ICL fraction in the rest-frame near ultraviolet wavelengths, which may be attributed to the combination of several phenomena such as an ICL injection during recent mergers of stars with average early-type spectra, the reversed star formation-density relation found at this high redshift in comparison with lower-redshift clusters, and projection effects.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, submitted to A&

Experimental Biological Protocols with Formal Semantics

Both experimental and computational biology is becoming increasingly automated. Laboratory experiments are now performed automatically on high-throughput machinery, while computational models are synthesized or inferred automatically from data. However, integration between automated tasks in the process of biological discovery is still lacking, largely due to incompatible or missing formal representations. While theories are expressed formally as computational models, existing languages for encoding and automating experimental protocols often lack formal semantics. This makes it challenging to extract novel understanding by identifying when theory and experimental evidence disagree due to errors in the models or the protocols used to validate them. To address this, we formalize the syntax of a core protocol language, which provides a unified description for the models of biochemical systems being experimented on, together with the discrete events representing the liquid-handling steps of biological protocols. We present both a deterministic and a stochastic semantics to this language, both defined in terms of hybrid processes. In particular, the stochastic semantics captures uncertainties in equipment tolerances, making it a suitable tool for both experimental and computational biologists. We illustrate how the proposed protocol language can be used for automated verification and synthesis of laboratory experiments on case studies from the fields of chemistry and molecular programming