Lucas Gracefulness of Almost and Nearly for Some Graphs

By a graph, we mean a finite undirected graph without loops or multiple edges

Synthesis, Growth and Spectroscopic Studies of L-Alanine Hydrogen Chloride(Lahc) Crystals

L-alanine Hydrogen Chloride (LAHC) salt was synthesized by taking L-alanine and hydrochloric acid in 1:1 molar ratio and the solubility of the synthesized salt in deionized water was determined at different temperatures. Single crystals of  L-alanine  Hydrogen Chloride (LAHC) were grown by solution method with slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, FTIR studies and UV-visible transmittance studies and the NLO activity of the grown crystal has been checked by Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) test.ÂÂ

Health information-seeking behavior among hypothyroid patients at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital

BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism causes considerable morbidity. Low knowledge coupled with inadequate health literacy may lead to poor prevention and management. This study aimed to assess health information-seeking behavior and hypothyroid knowledge among South Indian hypothyroid patients.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2013 in Saveetha Medical College, Chennai, India. Hundred clinically diagnosed hypothyroid patients >18 years were interviewed in a hospital using a 57-item questionnaire to gather information on their socio-demographics, self-reported disease history, hypothyroid-related knowledge, health information sources, health literacy and health information-seeking behavior. Hypothyroidism was assessed by free T3 and T4 levels.RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 38 years (SD=12) with median age of 39.5 years, majority of the participants being females (77%) and living in urban setting (52%). Mean free T3 level was 0.0137ng/dl (SD= 0.003) and mean free T4 was 0.7ng/dl (SD= 0.06). Ninety three percent of the participants received initial hypothyroidism education from their physicians at the time of diagnosis. Half of the participants had incorrect hypothyroidism-related knowledge; similar between both genders. Participants with inadequate health literacy had poor knowledge about the hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism-related health information was sought almost exclusively from health professionals, predominantly regarding treatment, linked to their faith in qualified medical assistance. Economic status primarily determined healthcare-seeking behavior. Marital status, education level, annual household income and health literacy were significantly associated with knowledge.CONCLUSION: Participants having higher educational qualification, higher annual household income and adequate health literacy had considerable knowledge about hypothyroidism. Developing multi-factorial and tailored health education for patients with marginal or inadequate health literacy is needed. Exploring healthcare institutions as a medium for delivery of such education should be explored.KEYWORDS: Hypothyroidism, Health Information-seeking Behavior, Knowledge, Health Literac

Priority setting in early childhood development: an analytical framework for economic evaluation of interventions

BACKGROUND: Early childhood development (ECD) sets the foundation for healthy and successful lives with important ramifications for education, labour market outcomes and other domains of well-being. Even though a large number of interventions that promote ECD have been implemented and evaluated globally, there is currently no standardised framework that allows a comparison of the relative cost-effectiveness of these interventions. METHODS: We first reviewed the existing literature to document the main approaches that have been used to assess the relative effectiveness of interventions that promote ECD, including early parenting and at-home psychosocial stimulation interventions. We then present an economic evaluation framework that builds on these reviewed approaches and focuses on the immediate impact of interventions on motor, cognitive, language and socioemotional skills. Last, we apply our framework to compute the relative cost-effectiveness of interventions for which recent effectiveness and costing data were published. For this last part, we relied on a recently published review to obtain effect sizes documented in a consistent manner across interventions. FINDINGS: Our framework enables direct value-for-money comparison of interventions across settings. Cost-effectiveness estimates, expressed in $ per units of improvement in ECD outcomes, vary greatly across interventions. Given that estimated costs vary by orders of magnitude across interventions while impacts are relatively similar, cost-effectiveness rankings are dominated by implementation costs and the interventions with higher value for money are generally those with a lower implementation cost (eg, psychosocial interventions involving limited staff). CONCLUSIONS: With increasing attention and investment into ECD programmes, consistent assessments of the relative cost-effectiveness of available interventions are urgently needed. This paper presents a unified analytical framework to address this need and highlights the rather remarkable range in both costs and cost-effectiveness across currently available intervention strategies

Clone Detection using Textual and Metric Analysis to figure out all Types of Clones

Abstract -A Clone Detection approach is to find out the reused fragment of code in any application to maintain .Various types of clones are being identified by clone detection techniques. Since clone detection was evolved, it provides better results and reduces the complexity. A different clone detection tool makes the detection process easier and efficiently produces the results. In many existing system, it mainly focuses on line by line detection or token based detection to find out the clone in the system. So it makes the system to take long time to process the entire system. If the fragment of code are not at exact code but the functionalities makes it similar to each other. Then existing system doesn't figure out the clone of that type of clones in it. This paper proposes combination of textual and metric analysis of a source code for the detection of all types of clone in a given set of fragment of java source code. Various semantics had been formulated and their values were used during the detection process. This metrics with textual analysis provides less complexity in finding the clones and gives accurate result

Comparative Study of Growth and Carrageenan Content of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in Pen Culture and Raft Culture in Palk Bay Waters of Ramanthapuram District, Southeast Coast of India

The cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii, a kappa carrageenan yielding red seaweed hasbeen going on in different locations of the world since 1970. This seaweed has beenintroduced under field cultivation in more than 20 tropical countries. Philippines andIndonesia contribute to 92% of the entire global harvest of 183,000 ton dry and the othercountries include Malaysia, China and Salmon Islands. In India, this alga has been introducedin the second half of 1995 and the commercial cultivation has picked up from 2006. In orderto evolve an economically feasible method for commercial cultivation, this study was donefor a period of one year from April 2010 to March 2011 in sub-tropical waters on Palk Bayside of Bay of Bengal of Ramanthapuram (Umiyalpuram, Mandapam) district on southeastcoast of India. The experiments were carried out by two methods, 1) PEN culture i.e;cultivation in monolines enclosed with net and 2) raft method with net bottom. The minimumcrop yields of 241.10±9.52 and 228.90±14.89 kg FW raft-1 were obtained in May 2010 inPEN culture and raft respectively with respective maximum ones of 325.30±11.26 and293.10±9.83 kg FW raft-1 in October 2010. Similarly the minimum daily growth rates(DGRs) of 3.09±0.09 and 2.97±0.09 % were found in May 2010 in PEN culture and raftculture respectively with respective maximum daily growth rates (DGRs) of 3.76±0.08 % and3.52±0.07% in October 2010. Environmental parameters like seawater temperature, salinity,nitrate and phosphate were recorded and they were found to influence the growth of theseaweed. The maximum carrageenan (SRC) content of 36.76±0.74% and 34.09±0.97% of dryweight was found in August 2010 for PEN culture and raft culture respectively whereas theminimum ones of 31.92±1.28% in December 2010 in Pen culture and 30.04±0.12% inOctober 2010 in raft culture. The income with mean annual crop yields would be Rs. 18,257/-and Rs. 16,063/- per month/person in PEN culture and raft respectively during the loan periodand with the respective ones of Rs. 19,257/- and Rs. 18,063/- per month/ person after the loanperiod (after three years). In view of this, PEN culture was recommended for commercialcultivation rather than raft one in the shallow waters and this was arrived at considering theinfra cost, replacement of the infra, cultivation operation, carrageenan yield and net income.Keywords: Seaweed farming, Daily growth rate, Kappaphycus, Carrageenan, Crop yiel

Role of Interferon Gamma Release Assay in Active TB Diagnosis among HIV Infected Individuals

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. In this study, we assessed the sensitivity of Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) in active tuberculosis patients who were positive for HIV infection and compared it with that of tuberculin skin test (TST). Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 105 HIV-TB patients who were naı¨ve for anti tuberculosis and anti retroviral therapy were included for this study out of which 53 (50%) were culture positive. Of 105 tested, QuantiFERON-TB Gold intube (QFT-G) was positive in 65% (95% CI: 56% to 74%), negative in 18% (95% CI: 11% to 25%) and indeterminate in 17% (95% CI: 10% to 24%) of patients. The sensitivity of QFT-G remained similar in pulmonary TB and extra-pulmonary TB patients. The QFT-G positivity was not affected by low CD4 count, but it often gave indeterminate results especially in individuals with CD4 count ,200 cells/ml. All of the QFT-G indeterminate patients whose sputum culture were positive, showed #0.25 IU/ml of IFN-c response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). TST was performed in all the 105 patients and yielded the sensitivity of 31% (95% CI: 40% to 22%). All the TST positives were QFT-G positives. The sensitivity of TST was decreased, when CD4 cell counts declined. Conclusions/Significance: Our study shows neither QFT-G alone or in combination with TST can be used to exclude the suspicion of active TB disease. However, unlike TST, QFT-G yielded fewer false negative results even in individuals with low CD4 count. The low PHA cut-off point for indeterminate results suggested in this study (#0.25 IU/ml) may improve the proportion of valid QFT-G results