1,642 research outputs found
Crossover Scaling in Dendritic Evolution at Low Undercooling
We examine scaling in two-dimensional simulations of dendritic growth at low
undercooling, as well as in three-dimensional pivalic acid dendrites grown on
NASA's USMP-4 Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment. We report new results on
self-similar evolution in both the experiments and simulations. We find that
the time dependent scaling of our low undercooling simulations displays a
cross-over scaling from a regime different than that characterizing Laplacian
growth to steady-state growth
Measuring the Obscuring Column of a Disk Megamaser AGN in a Nearby Merger
Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) hosting disk water megamasers are well known to be obscured by large amounts of gas, likely due to the presence along the line of sight of an almost edge-on disky structure orbiting the supermassive black hole. Correcting for the high obscuration is crucial to infer parameters intrinsic to the source, like its luminosity. We present a broadband X-ray spectral analysis of a water megamaser AGN in an early merger (NGC 5765B), combining Chandra and NuSTAR data. NGC 5765B is highly Compton-thick and reflection-dominated, following the general trend among disk megamasers. Combining the exquisite black hole mass from masers with our X-ray spectroscopy, the Eddington ratio of the megamaser is estimated to be in the 2%–14% range, and its robustness is confirmed through SED fitting
X-ray bolometric corrections for Compton-thick active galactic nuclei
We present X-ray bolometric correction factors, (), for Compton-thick (CT) active galactic nuclei (AGN) with the aim
of testing AGN torus models, probing orientation effects, and estimating the
bolometric output of the most obscured AGN. We adopt bolometric luminosities,
, from literature infrared (IR) torus modeling and compile published
intrinsic 2--10 keV X-ray luminosities, , from X-ray torus modeling of
NuSTAR data. Our sample consists of 10 local CT AGN where both of these
estimates are available. We test for systematic differences in
values produced when using two widely used IR torus models and two widely used
X-ray torus models, finding consistency within the uncertainties. We find that
the mean of our sample in the range
erg/s is log
with an intrinsic scatter of dex, and that our derived
values are consistent with previously established relationships between
and and and Eddington ratio. We
investigate if is dependent on by comparing our results on
CT AGN to published results on less-obscured AGN, finding no significant
dependence. Since many of our sample are megamaser AGN, known to be viewed
edge-on, and furthermore under the assumptions of AGN unification whereby
unobscured AGN are viewed face-on, our result implies that the X-ray emitting
corona is not strongly anisotropic. Finally, we present values
for CT AGN identified in X-ray surveys as a function of their observed ,
where an estimate of their intrinsic is not available, and redshift,
useful for estimating the bolometric output of the most obscured AGN across
cosmic time.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
[O III] and X-ray Properties of a Complete Sample of Hard X-ray Selected AGNs in the Local Universe
We study the correlation between the [O III] and X-ray
luminosities of local Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), using a complete, hard
X-ray ( keV) selected sample in the Swift/BAT 9-month catalog. From our
optical spectroscopic observations at the South African Astronomical
Observatory and the literature, a catalog of [O III] line flux
for all 103 AGNs at Galactic latitudes of is complied.
Significant correlations with intrinsic X-ray luminosity () are
found both for observed () and extinction-corrected () luminosities, separately for X-ray unabsorbed and absorbed
AGNs. We obtain the regression form of and from the whole sample. The absorbed AGNs with low
(0.5\%) scattering fractions in soft X-rays show on average smaller and ratios than the
other absorbed AGNs, while those in edge-on host galaxies do not. These results
suggest that a significant fraction of this population are buried in tori with
small opening angles. By using these vs.
correlations, the X-ray luminosity function of local AGNs (including Compton
thick AGNs) in a standard population synthesis model gives much better
agreement with the [O III] luminosity function derived from the
Sloan Digital Sky Survey than previously reported. This confirms that hard
X-ray observations are a very powerful tool to find AGNs with high
completeness.Comment: 14 pages including 11 figures and 3 tables, accepted for publication
in ApJ. In this manuscript, the observed 14-195 keV luminosities in Table 1
have been corrected to be exactly the same as in the original Swift/BAT
9-month catalog. Accordingly, Figures 2(a) and 3(a) and a part of Tables 2
and 3 have been updated. The changes from the previous version are small and
do not affect the tex
A Hard Look at NGC 5347: Revealing a Nearby Compton-thick AGN
Current measurements show that the observed fraction of Compton-thick (CT) active galactic nuclei (AGN) is smaller than the expected values needed to explain the cosmic X-ray background. Prior fits to the X-ray spectrum of the nearby Seyfert-2 galaxy NGC 5347 (z = 0.00792, D = 35.5 Mpc ) have alternately suggested a CT and Compton-thin source. Combining archival data from Suzaku, Chandra, and—most importantly—new data from NuSTAR, ... See full text for complete abstrac
On the relation of optical obscuration and X-ray absorption in Seyfert galaxies
The optical classification of a Seyfert galaxy and whether it is considered
X-ray absorbed are often used interchangeably. But there are many borderline
cases and also numerous examples where the optical and X-ray classifications
appear to be in conflict. In this article we re-visit the relation between
optical obscuration and X-ray absorption in AGNs. We make use of our "dust
color" method (Burtscher et al. 2015) to derive the optical obscuration A_V and
consistently estimated X-ray absorbing columns using 0.3--150 keV spectral
energy distributions. We also take into account the variable nature of the
neutral gas column N_H and derive the Seyfert sub-classes of all our objects in
a consistent way.
We show in a sample of 25 local, hard-X-ray detected Seyfert galaxies (log
L_X / (erg/s) ~ 41.5 - 43.5) that there can actually be a good agreement
between optical and X-ray classification. If Seyfert types 1.8 and 1.9 are
considered unobscured, the threshold between X-ray unabsorbed and absorbed
should be chosen at a column N_H = 10^22.3 / cm^2 to be consistent with the
optical classification.
We find that N_H is related to A_V and that the N_H/A_V ratio is
approximately Galactic or higher in all sources, as indicated previously. But
in several objects we also see that deviations from the Galactic ratio are only
due to a variable X-ray column, showing that (1) deviations from the Galactic
N_H/A_V can simply be explained by dust-free neutral gas within the broad line
region in some sources, that (2) the dust properties in AGNs can be similar to
Galactic dust and that (3) the dust color method is a robust way to estimate
the optical extinction towards the sublimation radius in all but the most
obscured AGNs.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication by A&A; updated PDF to
include abstrac
Broadband X-ray spectral analysis of the Seyfert 1 galaxy GRS 1734-292
We discuss the broadband X-ray spectrum of GRS 1734-292 obtained from
non-simultaneous XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations, performed in 2009 and
2014, respectively. GRS1734-292 is a Seyfert 1 galaxy, located near the
Galactic plane at . The NuSTAR spectrum ( keV) is dominated by
a primary power-law continuum with and a high-energy
cutoff keV, one of the lowest measured by NuSTAR in a
Seyfert galaxy. Comptonization models show a temperature of the coronal plasma
of keV and an optical depth, assuming a slab
geometry, or a similar temperature and
assuming a spherical geometry. The 2009 XMM-Newton
spectrum is well described by a flatter intrinsic continuum
() and one absorption line due to Fe\textsc{XXV}
K produced by a warm absorber. Both data sets show a modest iron
K emission line at keV and the associated Compton reflection, due
to reprocessing from neutral circumnuclear material
Investigating the evolution of the dual AGN system ESO~509-IG066
We analyze the evolution of the dual AGN in ESO 509-IG066, a galaxy pair
located at z=0.034 whose nuclei are separated by 11 kpc. Previous observations
with XMM-Newton on this dual AGN found evidence for two moderately obscured
( cm) X-ray luminous ( erg/s) nuclear
sources. We present an analysis of subsequent Chandra, NuSTAR and Swift/XRT
observations that show one source has dropped in flux by a factor of 10 between
2004 and 2011, which could be explained by either an increase in the absorbing
column or an intrinsic fading of the central engine possibly due to a decrease
in mass accretion. Both of these scenarios are predicted by galaxy merger
simulations. The source which has dropped in flux is not detected by NuSTAR,
which argues against absorption, unless it is extreme. However, new Keck/LRIS
optical spectroscopy reveals a previously unreported broad H-alpha line which
is highly unlikely to be visible under the extreme absorption scenario. We
therefore conclude that the black hole in this nucleus has undergone a dramatic
drop in accretion rate. From AO-assisted near-infrared integral-field
spectroscopy of the other nucleus, we find evidence that the galaxy merger is
having a direct effect on the kinematics of the gas close to the nucleus of the
galaxy, providing a direct observational link between the galaxy merger and the
mass accretion rate on to the black hole.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
An evaluation of Sea Search as a citizen science programme in Marine Protected Areas
Citizen science involves collaboration between multi-sector agencies and the public to address a natural resource management issue. The Sea Search citizen science programme involves community groups in monitoring and collecting subtidal rocky reef and intertidal rocky shore data in Victorian Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Australia. In this study we compared volunteer and scientifically collected data and the volunteer motivation for participation in the Sea Search programme. Intertidal rocky shore volunteer-collected data was found to be typically comparable to data collected by scientists for species richness and diversity measures. For subtidal monitoring there was also no significant difference for species richness recorded by scientists and volunteers. However, low statistical power suggest only large changes could be detected due to reduced data replication. Generally volunteers recorded lower species diversity for biological groups compared to scientists, albeit not significant. Species abundance measures for algae species were significantly different between volunteers and scientists. These results suggest difficulty in identification and abundance measurements by volunteers and the need for additional training requirements necessary for surveying algae assemblages. The subtidal monitoring results also highlight the difficulties of collecting data in exposed rocky reef habitats with weather conditions and volunteer diver availability constraining sampling effort. The prime motivation for volunteer participation in Sea Search was to assist with scientific research followed closely by wanting to work close to nature. This study revealed two important themes for volunteer engagement in Sea Search: 1) volunteer training and participation and, 2) usability of volunteer collected data for MPA managers. Volunteer-collected data through the Sea Search citizen science programme has the potential to provide useable data to assist in informed management practices of Victoria’s MPAs, but requires the support and commitment from all partners involved.<br /
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