Infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies of structural variations in minerals from Apollo 11, 12, 14 and 15 samples, volume 3

Infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopic data, yielding direct information on molecular structure, were obtained for single grains ( 150 microns) of minerals, basalts, and glasses isolated from Apollo 11, 12, 14, and 15 rock and dust samples, and for grains in Apollo 14 polished butt samples. From the vibrational data, specification substitutions were determined for the predominant silicate minerals of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. Unique spectral variations for grains of K-feldspar, orthopyroxene, pyroxenoid, and ilmenite were observed to exceed the ranges of terrestrial samples, and these variations may be correlatable with formation histories. Alpha-quartz was isolated as pure single grains, in granitic grains composited with sanidine, and in unique grains that were intimately mixed with varying amounts of glass. Accessory minerals of chromite and ulvospinel were isolated as pure grains and structurally characterized from their distinctive infrared spectra. Fundamental vibrations of the SiO4 tetrahedra in silicate minerals were used to classify bulk compositions in dust sieved fractions, basalt grains and glass particles, and to compare modal characteristics for maria, highland and rille samples. No hydrated minerals were found in any of the samples studied, indicating anhydrous formation conditions

Development and Evaluation of a Control Decision Rule for First-Generation Spotted Tentiform Leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in New York Apple Orchards

A pest control decision rule consisting of an action threshold and a sampling protocol was developed and evaluated for first-generation spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.). An action threshold of two eggs per leaf was chosen based on the criterion of preventing more than one first-generation mine per leaf. Two sequential classification sampling plans for first-generation eggs were developed, one based on variable intensity sampling and the other on the use of confidence intervals for stop limits. Both plans made use of the nested variance structure of leafminer egg counts and variance-mean models fit to estimated variance components. Performance of the two sequential procedures was studied using simulation and judged to be very similar. Use of either sampling plan required approximately 10-20 min. Over a 4-yr period, 87% of sampled orchards in western New York had leafminer populations that were below the threshold of two eggs per leaf. During this period, use of sample information to schedule insecticide treatments resulted in only one instance when a treatment may have been required and was not called for (n = 79). Widespread use of the decision rule would result in significant reductions in pesticide use with no attendant increase in risk to grower

EARLY NEOPROTEROZOIC CRUST FORMATON IN THE DZABKHAN MICROCONTINENT, CENTRAL ASIAN OROGENIC BELT

The Dzabkhan microcontinent was defined by [Mossakovsky et al., 1994] as a cratonic terrane with an early Precambrian basement that combines highgrade metamorphic complexes of the Songino, Dzabkhan, Otgon, Baidarik, Ider and Jargalant Blocks. However, early Precambrian ages have so far only been recognized in the Baidarik and Ider blocks [Kozakov et al., 2007, 2011; Kröner et al., 2015].The Dzabkhan microcontinent was defined by [Mossakovsky et al., 1994] as a cratonic terrane with an early Precambrian basement that combines highgrade metamorphic complexes of the Songino, Dzabkhan, Otgon, Baidarik, Ider and Jargalant Blocks. However, early Precambrian ages have so far only been recognized in the Baidarik and Ider blocks [Kozakov et al., 2007, 2011; Kröner et al., 2015]

THE FIRST SM-ND ISOTOPIC DATA FOR METAMORPHIC ROCKS OF THE GUDJAL BLOCK IN THE EASTERN PART OF BUREYA CONTINENTAL MASSIF

It is the first time that there have been Sm-Nd isotopic geochemical studies conducted into the metamorphic rocks of the Gudjal block considered as a basement protrusion of the Bureya continental massif. It has been found that biotite and garnet-amphibole schists of the Gudjal formation are characterized by strongly negative εNd(0)=–15.7…–17.2 values and Paleoproterozoic values of Nd model age of tNd(DM)=2.4–2.1 Ga. Similar isotopic parameters are also typical of gneissic biotite granodiorites: εNd(0)=–18.7, tNd(DM)=1.8 Ga. Out of orthorocks of the Gudjal block studied, the Neoproterozoic orthogneisses and orthoamphibolites of the Tulovchikha formation and the Neoproterozoic gneiss-granites of the Nyatyngran complex of the Paleoproterozoic model age may be considered as a probable substrate for melts