10 research outputs found

    Monitoring lithospheric motions by Satellite geodesy

    No full text
    Understanding of global and local Earth’s dynamic processes is of great importance to the Earth’s system knowledge, human life, and sustainability goals (e.g. climatic change and geo-hazard assessment, etc.). The processes are largely affected by the Earth's mass distribution and redistribution, which can be quantified and modelled using simultaneous and complementary data from various geoscience and environmental near earth-orbiting artificial satellites. In this thesis, which is based on five peer-reviewed papers, we study the lithospheric motion and the Earth’s mass change in terms of gravity variation, using a combination of geodetic satellite data and non-geodetic observations.   The first paper is concerned with using of gravimetric approach to model sub-crustal horizontal stresses in the Earth’s mantle and their temporal changes using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, caused by geodynamical processes such as mantle convection, in Fennoscandia region. We show that the determined horizontal stresses obtained by a gravimetric method are consistent with tectonics and seismic activities. In addition, the secular rate of change of the horizontal stress, which is within 95 kPa/year, is larger outside the uplift dome than inside in the study area.   In the second paper, permafrost thawing and its associated gravity change, in terms of groundwater storage (GWS) anomalies changes is studied using the GRACE data and other satellites (e.g. AIRS) and ground-based observations in the northern high-latitude regions. The results of a preliminary numerical analysis reveal a high correlation between the secular trends of greenhouse gases (CO2), temperature, and the equivalent water thickness in the selected regions. Furthermore, the GRACE-based GWS estimates attributed to the permafrost thawing is increased at the annual rates of 3 to 4 cm/year in selected study areas.   The third paper investigates the large-scale GRACE-based GWS changes together with different hydrological models over the major oil reservoirs in Sudan. The outcomes are correlated with the available oil wells production data. Moreover, using the freely available Sentinel-1 data, the ground surface deformation associated with oil and water depletion is studied. Our results show that there is a significant correlation between the GRACE-based GWS anomalies and the extracted oil and water volumes. The trend of GWS anomaly changes due to water and oil depletion varies from -18.5 ± 6.3 to -6.2 ± 1.3 mm/year using the CSR GRACE monthly solutions and the best tested hydrological model in this study. Moreover, our Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data analysis using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) method shows high rate of subsidence, i.e. -24.5 ± 0.85, -23.8 ± 0.96, -14.2 ± 0.85 and -6 ± 0.88 mm/year, over the selected study area. In the fourth paper, a combined Moho model using seismic and gravity data is determined to investigate the relationship between the isostatic state of the lithosphere and seismic activities in the study area (which includes East Africa, Egypt, Congo and Saudi Arabia). Our results show that isostatic equilibrium and compensation state are closely correlated to the seismicity patterns in the study area. This paper presents a method to determine the crustal thickness and crust-mantle density contrast, and consequently one can detect low-density contrast (about 200 kg/m3) and thin crust (about 30 km) near the triple junction plate tectonics in East Africa (Afar triple junction), which confirms the state of over-compensation in the rift valley areas. Furthermore, the density contrast structure of the crust-mantle shows a large correlation with the earthquake activity, sub-crustal stress and volcanic distribution across East Africa.   The fifth and last paper investigates the ground surface deformation of GĂ€vle city in Sweden using Sentinel-1 data and PSI technique, as well as analyzing the historical leveling data. The PSI technique is used to map the location of risk zones, and their ongoing subsidence rate. Our PSI analysis reveals that the centre of GĂ€vle city is relatively stable with minor deformation ranging between -2.0 mm/year and +2.0 mm/year in the vertical and East-West components. Furthermore, the land surface toward the northeast of the city is significantly subsiding with an annual rate of about -6 mm/year. The comparison at sparse locations shows a close agreement between the subsidence rates obtained from precise leveling and PSI results. The regional quaternary deposit distribution was correlated with PSI results, and it shows that the subsidence areas are mostly located in zones where the sub-surface layer is marked by artificial fill materials.FörstĂ„elsen av globala och lokala dynamiska processer pĂ„ jorden har stor betydelse för vĂ„r kĂ€nnedom om olika förlopp av betydelse för liv och hĂ„llbarhetsmĂ„l pĂ„ planeten (t.ex. klimatförĂ€ndringar, geo-riskbedömning, etc.). Processerna pĂ„verkas till stor del av jordens olika typer av massfördelning och dessas förĂ€ndringar i tiden, som kan kvantifieras och modelleras med hjĂ€lp av samtidiga och kompletterande data frĂ„n olika vetenskaper, sĂ€rskilt geovetenskaper som utnyttjar artificiella satelliter. I denna avhandling, som Ă€r baserad pĂ„ fem vetenskapligt granskade artiklar, studerar vi massförĂ€ndringar i litosfĂ€ren (dvsjordskorpan och övre manteln) och Ă€ven deformationer i skorpan som registreras som tyngdkraftsvariationer i kombinationer med data frĂ„n bl.a. geodetiska satelliter.I den första uppsatsen studeras horisontella tektoniska spĂ€nningar i jordens mantel i Fennoscandia och dessas förĂ€ndringar i tiden orsakade av geodynamiska processer med hjĂ€lp av data frĂ„n satellitprojektet Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Vi visar att de berĂ€knade spĂ€nningarna överensstĂ€mmer med de tektoniska och seismiska aktiviteterna. Den sekulĂ€ra förĂ€ndringshastigheten för den horisontella spĂ€nningen, som ligger inom 95 kPa/Ă„r, visar sig vara större utanför landhöjningskupolen Ă€n inne i studieomrĂ„det.I den andra uppsatsen studeras avsmĂ€ltningen av permafrost i polartrakterna och de tyngdkraftsförĂ€ndringar som dĂ€rav följer i termer av förĂ€ndringar av grundvattenlagring (ΔGWS). Även hĂ€r anvĂ€nds GRACE-data, men ocksĂ„ observationer frĂ„n andra satelliter och markbaserade instrument i de nordliga polartrakterna. Resultaten av en preliminĂ€r numerisk analys avslöjar en hög korrelation mellan de sekulĂ€ra trenderna för vĂ€xthusgasen CO2, temperatur och ekvivalent vattennivĂ„ni de utvalda regionerna. Vidare ökar de GRACE-baserade GWS-uppskattningarna, som hĂ€nför sig till permafrostens avsmĂ€ltning, med hastigheter av 3 -4 cm/Ă„r.Den tredje artikeln undersöker de storskaliga GWS-förĂ€ndringarna baserade pĂ„ data frĂ„n GRACE och olika hydrologiska modeller över de stora oljereservoarerna i Sudan. Resultaten Ă€r korrelerade med tillgĂ€ngliga produktionsdata för oljebrunnar. Med anvĂ€ndning av fritt tillgĂ€ngliga data frĂ„n satelliten Sentinel-1 studeras dessutom deformationsytan pĂ„ marken, som Ă€r förknippad med olje-och vattenutarmning. VĂ„ra resultat visar att det finns en signifikant korrelation mellan de GRACE-baserade GWS-avvikelserna ochde extraherade olje-och vattenvolymerna. Trenden med ΔGWS-förĂ€ndringar pĂ„ grund av uttagen av vatten och olja varierar mellan -18,5 ± 6,3 och -6,2 ± 1,3 mm/Ă„r med mĂ„nadsuppgifterna frĂ„n Center for Space Research GRACE-lösningar och den bĂ€sta testade hydrologiska modellen i denna studie. Dessutom visar ivvĂ„r analys av data frĂ„n Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) vid anvĂ€ndning av metoden Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) att markytan i omrĂ„det sjunker med en hastighet av mellan -24,5 ± 0,85 och -6± 0,88 mm/Ă„r.I den fjĂ€rde artikeln berĂ€knas en kombinerad Moho-modell med seismik-och tyngdkrafts-data. Syftet Ă€r att undersöka sambandet mellan litosfĂ€rens isostatiska tillstĂ„nd och seismisk aktivitet i Östafrika, Egypten, Kongo och Saudiarabien. Resultaten visar att isostatisk balans och kompensationstillstĂ„nd Ă€r nĂ€ra korrelerade med seismicitetens mönster i regionen. Artikel presenterar en metod för att bestĂ€mma jordskorpans tjocklek och densistetskontrasten mellan skorpa och mantel. Vi finner enlĂ„g densitetskontrast om cirka 200 kg/m3och en tunn skorpa om cirka 30 km i omrĂ„det Afar i Östafrika, dĂ€r tre kontinentalplattor glider isĂ€r (”triple junction”), som bekrĂ€ftar tillstĂ„ndet för överkompensation i riftdals-omrĂ„dena. Dessutom Ă€r densitetskontrasten kraftigt korrelerad med jordbĂ€vningsaktiviteten, spĂ€nningar i manteln samt och vulkanfördelningen i Östafrika.Den femte och sista uppsatsen undersöker markytans deformation över GĂ€vle stad i Sverige med hjĂ€lp av Sentinel-1 data och PSI teknik, och analyserar Ă€ven historiska avvĂ€gningsdata. PSI-tekniken anvĂ€nds för att kartlĂ€gga platsen för riskzoner och pĂ„gĂ„ende sĂ€ttningar.VĂ„r PSI-analys visar att GĂ€vle centrum Ă€r relativt stabilt med mindre deformationer som strĂ€cker sig mellan -2,0 mm/Ă„roch +2,0 mm/Ă„ri vertikalaochöst-vĂ€striktningar. DĂ€remot sjunker markytan nordost om staden med en Ă„rlig hastighet om cirka -6mm/Ă„r. JĂ€mförelser visaren nĂ€ra överensstĂ€mmelse mellan markytans sĂ€ttning erhĂ„llen med finavvĂ€gning och PSI. De regionala geologiska uppgifternajĂ€mfördes med PSI-resultaten, och resultatet visar att omrĂ„dena dĂ€r marken sjunker mestadels Ă€r belĂ€gna i zoner dĂ€r massorna under markytan Ă€r markerade med konstgjorda fyllmaterial.QC 20200827</p

    Monitoring lithospheric motions by Satellite geodesy

    No full text
    Understanding of global and local Earth’s dynamic processes is of great importance to the Earth’s system knowledge, human life, and sustainability goals (e.g. climatic change and geo-hazard assessment, etc.). The processes are largely affected by the Earth's mass distribution and redistribution, which can be quantified and modelled using simultaneous and complementary data from various geoscience and environmental near earth-orbiting artificial satellites. In this thesis, which is based on five peer-reviewed papers, we study the lithospheric motion and the Earth’s mass change in terms of gravity variation, using a combination of geodetic satellite data and non-geodetic observations.   The first paper is concerned with using of gravimetric approach to model sub-crustal horizontal stresses in the Earth’s mantle and their temporal changes using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, caused by geodynamical processes such as mantle convection, in Fennoscandia region. We show that the determined horizontal stresses obtained by a gravimetric method are consistent with tectonics and seismic activities. In addition, the secular rate of change of the horizontal stress, which is within 95 kPa/year, is larger outside the uplift dome than inside in the study area.   In the second paper, permafrost thawing and its associated gravity change, in terms of groundwater storage (GWS) anomalies changes is studied using the GRACE data and other satellites (e.g. AIRS) and ground-based observations in the northern high-latitude regions. The results of a preliminary numerical analysis reveal a high correlation between the secular trends of greenhouse gases (CO2), temperature, and the equivalent water thickness in the selected regions. Furthermore, the GRACE-based GWS estimates attributed to the permafrost thawing is increased at the annual rates of 3 to 4 cm/year in selected study areas.   The third paper investigates the large-scale GRACE-based GWS changes together with different hydrological models over the major oil reservoirs in Sudan. The outcomes are correlated with the available oil wells production data. Moreover, using the freely available Sentinel-1 data, the ground surface deformation associated with oil and water depletion is studied. Our results show that there is a significant correlation between the GRACE-based GWS anomalies and the extracted oil and water volumes. The trend of GWS anomaly changes due to water and oil depletion varies from -18.5 ± 6.3 to -6.2 ± 1.3 mm/year using the CSR GRACE monthly solutions and the best tested hydrological model in this study. Moreover, our Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data analysis using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) method shows high rate of subsidence, i.e. -24.5 ± 0.85, -23.8 ± 0.96, -14.2 ± 0.85 and -6 ± 0.88 mm/year, over the selected study area. In the fourth paper, a combined Moho model using seismic and gravity data is determined to investigate the relationship between the isostatic state of the lithosphere and seismic activities in the study area (which includes East Africa, Egypt, Congo and Saudi Arabia). Our results show that isostatic equilibrium and compensation state are closely correlated to the seismicity patterns in the study area. This paper presents a method to determine the crustal thickness and crust-mantle density contrast, and consequently one can detect low-density contrast (about 200 kg/m3) and thin crust (about 30 km) near the triple junction plate tectonics in East Africa (Afar triple junction), which confirms the state of over-compensation in the rift valley areas. Furthermore, the density contrast structure of the crust-mantle shows a large correlation with the earthquake activity, sub-crustal stress and volcanic distribution across East Africa.   The fifth and last paper investigates the ground surface deformation of GĂ€vle city in Sweden using Sentinel-1 data and PSI technique, as well as analyzing the historical leveling data. The PSI technique is used to map the location of risk zones, and their ongoing subsidence rate. Our PSI analysis reveals that the centre of GĂ€vle city is relatively stable with minor deformation ranging between -2.0 mm/year and +2.0 mm/year in the vertical and East-West components. Furthermore, the land surface toward the northeast of the city is significantly subsiding with an annual rate of about -6 mm/year. The comparison at sparse locations shows a close agreement between the subsidence rates obtained from precise leveling and PSI results. The regional quaternary deposit distribution was correlated with PSI results, and it shows that the subsidence areas are mostly located in zones where the sub-surface layer is marked by artificial fill materials.FörstĂ„elsen av globala och lokala dynamiska processer pĂ„ jorden har stor betydelse för vĂ„r kĂ€nnedom om olika förlopp av betydelse för liv och hĂ„llbarhetsmĂ„l pĂ„ planeten (t.ex. klimatförĂ€ndringar, geo-riskbedömning, etc.). Processerna pĂ„verkas till stor del av jordens olika typer av massfördelning och dessas förĂ€ndringar i tiden, som kan kvantifieras och modelleras med hjĂ€lp av samtidiga och kompletterande data frĂ„n olika vetenskaper, sĂ€rskilt geovetenskaper som utnyttjar artificiella satelliter. I denna avhandling, som Ă€r baserad pĂ„ fem vetenskapligt granskade artiklar, studerar vi massförĂ€ndringar i litosfĂ€ren (dvsjordskorpan och övre manteln) och Ă€ven deformationer i skorpan som registreras som tyngdkraftsvariationer i kombinationer med data frĂ„n bl.a. geodetiska satelliter.I den första uppsatsen studeras horisontella tektoniska spĂ€nningar i jordens mantel i Fennoscandia och dessas förĂ€ndringar i tiden orsakade av geodynamiska processer med hjĂ€lp av data frĂ„n satellitprojektet Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Vi visar att de berĂ€knade spĂ€nningarna överensstĂ€mmer med de tektoniska och seismiska aktiviteterna. Den sekulĂ€ra förĂ€ndringshastigheten för den horisontella spĂ€nningen, som ligger inom 95 kPa/Ă„r, visar sig vara större utanför landhöjningskupolen Ă€n inne i studieomrĂ„det.I den andra uppsatsen studeras avsmĂ€ltningen av permafrost i polartrakterna och de tyngdkraftsförĂ€ndringar som dĂ€rav följer i termer av förĂ€ndringar av grundvattenlagring (ΔGWS). Även hĂ€r anvĂ€nds GRACE-data, men ocksĂ„ observationer frĂ„n andra satelliter och markbaserade instrument i de nordliga polartrakterna. Resultaten av en preliminĂ€r numerisk analys avslöjar en hög korrelation mellan de sekulĂ€ra trenderna för vĂ€xthusgasen CO2, temperatur och ekvivalent vattennivĂ„ni de utvalda regionerna. Vidare ökar de GRACE-baserade GWS-uppskattningarna, som hĂ€nför sig till permafrostens avsmĂ€ltning, med hastigheter av 3 -4 cm/Ă„r.Den tredje artikeln undersöker de storskaliga GWS-förĂ€ndringarna baserade pĂ„ data frĂ„n GRACE och olika hydrologiska modeller över de stora oljereservoarerna i Sudan. Resultaten Ă€r korrelerade med tillgĂ€ngliga produktionsdata för oljebrunnar. Med anvĂ€ndning av fritt tillgĂ€ngliga data frĂ„n satelliten Sentinel-1 studeras dessutom deformationsytan pĂ„ marken, som Ă€r förknippad med olje-och vattenutarmning. VĂ„ra resultat visar att det finns en signifikant korrelation mellan de GRACE-baserade GWS-avvikelserna ochde extraherade olje-och vattenvolymerna. Trenden med ΔGWS-förĂ€ndringar pĂ„ grund av uttagen av vatten och olja varierar mellan -18,5 ± 6,3 och -6,2 ± 1,3 mm/Ă„r med mĂ„nadsuppgifterna frĂ„n Center for Space Research GRACE-lösningar och den bĂ€sta testade hydrologiska modellen i denna studie. Dessutom visar ivvĂ„r analys av data frĂ„n Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) vid anvĂ€ndning av metoden Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) att markytan i omrĂ„det sjunker med en hastighet av mellan -24,5 ± 0,85 och -6± 0,88 mm/Ă„r.I den fjĂ€rde artikeln berĂ€knas en kombinerad Moho-modell med seismik-och tyngdkrafts-data. Syftet Ă€r att undersöka sambandet mellan litosfĂ€rens isostatiska tillstĂ„nd och seismisk aktivitet i Östafrika, Egypten, Kongo och Saudiarabien. Resultaten visar att isostatisk balans och kompensationstillstĂ„nd Ă€r nĂ€ra korrelerade med seismicitetens mönster i regionen. Artikel presenterar en metod för att bestĂ€mma jordskorpans tjocklek och densistetskontrasten mellan skorpa och mantel. Vi finner enlĂ„g densitetskontrast om cirka 200 kg/m3och en tunn skorpa om cirka 30 km i omrĂ„det Afar i Östafrika, dĂ€r tre kontinentalplattor glider isĂ€r (”triple junction”), som bekrĂ€ftar tillstĂ„ndet för överkompensation i riftdals-omrĂ„dena. Dessutom Ă€r densitetskontrasten kraftigt korrelerad med jordbĂ€vningsaktiviteten, spĂ€nningar i manteln samt och vulkanfördelningen i Östafrika.Den femte och sista uppsatsen undersöker markytans deformation över GĂ€vle stad i Sverige med hjĂ€lp av Sentinel-1 data och PSI teknik, och analyserar Ă€ven historiska avvĂ€gningsdata. PSI-tekniken anvĂ€nds för att kartlĂ€gga platsen för riskzoner och pĂ„gĂ„ende sĂ€ttningar.VĂ„r PSI-analys visar att GĂ€vle centrum Ă€r relativt stabilt med mindre deformationer som strĂ€cker sig mellan -2,0 mm/Ă„roch +2,0 mm/Ă„ri vertikalaochöst-vĂ€striktningar. DĂ€remot sjunker markytan nordost om staden med en Ă„rlig hastighet om cirka -6mm/Ă„r. JĂ€mförelser visaren nĂ€ra överensstĂ€mmelse mellan markytans sĂ€ttning erhĂ„llen med finavvĂ€gning och PSI. De regionala geologiska uppgifternajĂ€mfördes med PSI-resultaten, och resultatet visar att omrĂ„dena dĂ€r marken sjunker mestadels Ă€r belĂ€gna i zoner dĂ€r massorna under markytan Ă€r markerade med konstgjorda fyllmaterial.QC 20200827</p

    How isostasy explains continental rifting in East Africa?

    No full text
    The principle of isostasy plays an important role to understand the relation between different geodynamic processes. Although, it is difficult to find an exact method that delivers a complete image of the Earth structure. However, gravimetric methods are alternative to provide images of the interior of the Earth. The Earth’s crust parameters, i.e. crustal depth and crust-mantle density contrast, can reveal adequate information about the solid Earth system such as volcanic activity, earthquake and continental rifting. Hence, in this study, a combine Moho model using seismic and gravity data is determined to investigate the relationship between the isostatic state of the lithosphere and seismic activities in East Africa. Our results show that isostatic equilibrium and compensation states are closely correlated to the seismicity patterns in the study area. For example, several studies suggest that African superplume causes the rift valley, and consequently differences in crustal and mantle densities occur. This paper presents a method to determine the crustal thickness and crust-mantle density contrast and consequently one can observe low-density contrast (about 200 kg/m3 ) and thin crust (about 30 km) near the triple junction plate tectonics in East Africa (Afar Triangle), which confirms the state of overcompensation in the rift valley areas. Furthermore, the density structure of the lithosphere shows a large correlation with the earthquake activity, sub-crustal stress and volcanic distribution across East Africa

    Localized subsidence zones in GĂ€vle city detected by Sentinel-1 PSI and leveling data

    No full text
    Among different sets of constraints and hazards that have to be considered in management of cities and land use, land surface subsidence is one of the important issues that can lead to many problems and its economic consequences cannot be ignored. In this study, the ground surface deformation of GÀvle city in Sweden is investigated using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique as well as analyzing the historical leveling data. The PSI technique is used to map the location of hazard zones and their ongoing subsidence rate. Two ascending and descending Sentinel-1 data sets, collected between Jan 2015 and May 2020, covering the GÀvle city were processed and analyzed. In addition, a long record of leveling dataset, covering the period from 1974 to 2019, was used to detect the rate of subsidence in some locations which were not reported before. Our PSI analysis reveals that the center of GÀvle is relatively stable with minor deformation ranged between -2±0.5 mm/yr to +2±0.5 mm/yr in vertical and East-West components. However, the land surface toward the northeast of the city is relatively subsiding with higher annual rate up to -6±0.46 mm/yr. The comparison at sparse locations shows a close agreement between the subsidence rates obtained from precise leveling and PSI results. The regional quaternary deposits map was overlaid with PSI results and it shows the subsidence areas are mostly located in zones where the subsurface layer is marked by artificial fill materials. The knowledge of the spatio-temporal extents of land surface subsidence for undergoing urban areas can help to develop and establish models to mitigate hazards associated with such land settlement

    Satellite monitoring of mass changes and ground subsidence in Sudan’s oil fields using GRACE and Sentinel-1 data

    No full text
    Monitoring environmental hazards, due to natural and anthropogenic causes, is one of the important issues, which requires proper data, models, and cross-validation of the results. The geodetic satellite missions, e.g. the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Sentinel-1, are very useful in this aspect. GRACE missions are dedicated to model the temporal variations of the Earth’s gravity field and mass transportation in the Earth’s surface, whereas Sentinel-1 collects Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data which enables us to measure the ground movements accurately. Extraction of large volumes of water and oil decreases the reservoir pressure, form compaction and consequently land subsidence occurs which can be analyzed by both GRACE and Sentinel-1 data. In this paper, large-scale groundwater storage (GWS) changes are studied using the GRACE monthly gravity field models together with different hydrological models over the major oil reservoirs in Sudan, i.e. Heglig, Bamboo, Neem, Diffra and Unity-area oil fields. Then we correlate the results with the available oil wells production data for the period of 2003-2012. In addition, using the only freely available Sentinel-1 data, collected between November 2015 and April 2019, the ground surface deformation associated with this oil and water depletion is studied. Due to the lack of terrestrial geodetic monitoring data in Sudan, the use of GRACE and Sentinel-1 satellite data is very valuable to monitor water and oil storage changes and their associated land subsidence over our region of interest. Our results show that there is a significant correlation between the GRACE-based GWS change and extracted oil and water volumes. The trend of GWS changes due to water and oil depletion ranged from -18.5 to -6.2mm/year using the CSR GRACE monthly solutions and the best tested hydrological model in this study. Moreover, our Sentinel-1 SAR data analysis using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) method shows high rate of subsidence i.e. -24.5, -23.8, -14.2 and -6 mm/year over Heglig, Neem, Diffra and Unity-area oil fields respectively. The results of this study can help us to control the integrity and safety of operations and infrastructure in that region, as well as to study the groundwater/oil storage behavior

    Abstracts

    No full text
    corecore