La/B 4 C multilayer mirrors with an additional wavelength suppression

In this paper, the authors report on La/B(4)C multilayer mirrors designed for an incidence angle of 45° with both maximum reflectivity at a wavelength of 6.7 nm and reflectivity suppression at a wavelength of 20.1 nm. These mirrors were deposited for the EIS-TIMER at the FERMI@Elettra Free Electron Laser. The multilayer structure and optical properties were characterized using grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry with Cu-K(α) radiation and EUV reflectometry in the spectral region of 6.5 - 21.0 nm. An anti-reflective coating designed at the wavelength of 20.1 nm had to be deposited on top of the high reflective La/B(4)C multilayer mirror optimized at a wavelength of 6.7 nm. Measured reflectivities of 53.4% at the wavelength of 6.72 nm and 0.15% at the wavelength of 20.1 nm were simultaneously achieved. It is shown that the reflectivity loss at the wavelength of 6.7 nm due to the utilization of antireflective coating designed at the wavelength of 20.1 nm can be minimized up to 1.0%

Genome-Wide Characterization of Menin-Dependent H3K4me3 Reveals a Specific Role for Menin in the Regulation of Genes Implicated in MEN1-Like Tumors

Inactivating mutations in the MEN1 gene predisposing to the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome can also cause sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors. MEN1 encodes menin, a subunit of MLL1/MLL2-containing histone methyltransferase complexes that trimethylate histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3). The importance of menin-dependent H3K4me3 in normal and transformed pancreatic endocrine cells is unclear. To study the role of menin-dependent H3K4me3, we performed in vitro differentiation of wild-type as well as menin-null mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into pancreatic islet-like endocrine cells (PILECs). Gene expression analysis and genome-wide H3K4me3 ChIP-Seq profiling in wild-type and menin-null mESCs and PILECs revealed menin-dependent H3K4me3 at the imprinted Dlk1-Meg3 locus in mESCs, and all four Hox loci in differentiated PILECs. Specific and significant loss of H3K4me3 and gene expression was observed for genes within the imprinted Dlk1-Meg3 locus in menin-null mESCs and the Hox loci in menin-null PILECs. Given that the reduced expression of genes within the DLK1-MEG3 locus and the HOX loci is associated with MEN1-like sporadic tumors, our data suggests a possible role for menin-dependent H3K4me3 at these genes in the initiation and progression of sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors. Furthermore, our investigation also demonstrates that menin-null mESCs can be differentiated in vitro into islet-like endocrine cells, underscoring the utility of menin-null mESC-derived specialized cell types for genome-wide high-throughput studies

Optical Nanoantennas for Multiband Surface-Enhanced Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

n/

Optical properties and oxidation resistance of different transition metals for soft X-ray and EUV applications

The results of a comparative study of Ru-, Mo-, Nb- and Pd- coatings designed for grazing angle applications in the soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrum are presented. Optical properties and temporal stability of coatings were investigated using EUV reflectometry at 13.5 nm and grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry (GIXR) with Cu-Kα radiation. Nb- and Mo-coatings showed a strong inclination to surface oxidation at ambient atmosphere leading to reflectivity losses. The Pd coating as a noble transition metal showed the highest oxidation resistance over a period of one year. The best reflective properties at 13.5 nm were achieved by Ru coatings. GIXR simulation results of the time dependent surface oxidation were used to predict the reflective properties of the studied coatings following four months of storage in an ambient atmosphere for a wide spectral range (5.0 nm–40.0 nm)

Interface characterization in B-based multilayer mirrors for next generation lithography

The interfaces in La/B4C and LaN/B4C multilayer mirrors designed for near normal incidence reflection of 6.x nm EUV light were investigated by grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and EUV reflectometry. The thickness and roughness asymmetries of the different interfaces in both studied systems have been identified. A development of interface roughness with an increasing number of bilayers was found by different investigation methods. For near normal incidence, R = 51.1% @ λ = 6.65 nm could be reached with our La/B4C multilayer mirrors, whereas R = 58.1% was achieved with LaN/B4C multilayers at the same wavelength

Influence of the ZnO:Al dispersion on the performance of ZnO:Al/Ag/ZnO:Al transparent electrodes

Highly transparent and conductive Al-doped ZnO/Ag/Al-doped ZnO (AZO/Ag/AZO) multilayers were prepared by industrial inline DC magnetron sputtering on glass substrates at room temperature. With optimized film thicknesses of 37 nm/10 nm/37 nm, an optimized low sheet resistance of only 6 Ω/sq. and high transmittances of T550 = 87.4% at 550 nm and T400–800 = 79.9% in the spectral range between 400 nm and 800 nm were reached. Furthermore, an increase of the AZO/Ag/AZO-performance was achieved when a small amount of oxygen was added to the process gas during the AZO deposition which was found to be because of a beneficial adjustment of the AZO dispersion. In this way, owing to both a decreased extinction coefficient as well as a higher refractive index of the AZO film, the maximum transmittance of the AZO/Ag/AZO three-layer structure is further increased (T550 = 89.0%) and the bandwidth of the transmittance range is broadened (T400–800 = 83.3%). With the adaption of the AZO dispersion a very high Figure-of-Merit (Haacke) Φ400–800 = 26.2 mΩ− 1 and Φ550 = 52.9 mΩ− 1 was achieved by industrial inline DC magnetron sputtering process