Pathological features of the lungs and liver of piglets under conditions of constant vaccination of livestock against circovirus infection

The pathogenicity of PCV 2 in the body of vaccinated piglets was studied based on the results of pathomorphological changes in the lungs and liver of animals. The work was carried out on commercial piglets vaccinated with the vaccine Ingelvak CircoFLEX (Germany) against circovirus. The work used clinical, zootechnical, enzyme immunoassay and pathomorphological research methods. It has been established that under the conditions of ongoing vaccination of piglets against PCV2, 30.3% of piglets still do not have virus-neutralizing antibodies. The main reason for the culling of animals are circovirus diseases that have respiratory clinical signs, as well as signs of multisystem wasting syndrome, determining the safety of the livestock at the level of 68.05%, the average live weight of 1 head at the moment of its transfer for fattening is 40.44±0.78 kg, and the average daily gain in live weight is 346.00±9.18 g. At autopsy, sick piglets reveal an increase in the lungs and liver, and the signs of inflammation in them, as a result of circulatory disorders, damage to the lymphoid tissue, the development of dystrophic and necrotic changes. The results of the research suggest that in order to increase the efficiency of the formation of post-vaccination immunity, specific medical preparations can be used to stimulate the immune response of the body, as well as to enhance the resistance of the lymphoid tissue of the lungs and liver in animals.The pathogenicity of PCV 2 in the body of vaccinated piglets was studied based on the results of pathomorphological changes in the lungs and liver of animals. The work was carried out on commercial piglets vaccinated with the vaccine Ingelvak CircoFLEX (Germany) against circovirus. The work used clinical, zootechnical, enzyme immunoassay and pathomorphological research methods. It has been established that under the conditions of ongoing vaccination of piglets against PCV2, 30.3% of piglets still do not have virus-neutralizing antibodies. The main reason for the culling of animals are circovirus diseases that have respiratory clinical signs, as well as signs of multisystem wasting syndrome, determining the safety of the livestock at the level of 68.05%, the average live weight of 1 head at the moment of its transfer for fattening is 40.44±0.78 kg, and the average daily gain in live weight is 346.00±9.18 g. At autopsy, sick piglets reveal an increase in the lungs and liver, and the signs of inflammation in them, as a result of circulatory disorders, damage to the lymphoid tissue, the development of dystrophic and necrotic changes. The results of the research suggest that in order to increase the efficiency of the formation of post-vaccination immunity, specific medical preparations can be used to stimulate the immune response of the body, as well as to enhance the resistance of the lymphoid tissue of the lungs and liver in animals

Contribution of some immunological and metabolic factors to formation of piglets’ post-vaccination immunity

The role and responsibility of natural resistance factors, protein and lipid metabolism in the formation of piglets post-vaccination immunity against circovirus is researched. Blood was taken for tests before and on the 15th, 40th and 70th day after the vaccination. The sampled blood was analyzed to determine immunological and biochemical parameters. It was revealed that before vaccination, 31.46% of the studied samples have a positive reaction in ELISA; their number increases to 67.80–71.16% on the 40th and 70th days after vaccination.In the blood of piglets, especially on the 40th and 70th day after the vaccination, the total count of leukocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes increases by 1.21; 2.28 times and 1.48 times, but neutrophils reduced by 1.74 times along with the phagocytic properties activation. The anabolic directivity of protein metabolism is defined by the synthesis of globulin proteins. At the same time albumin-synthesizing activity in a liver decreased and “cytolysis reaction” of hepatocytes was detected. In the lipid profile of piglets’ blood, the content of LDL‑cholesterol increased by 1.44 times, while that of triglycerides decreased by 2.64 times. X‑ray spectral analysis revealed the correlation between the formation of post-vaccination immunity and two factors: the factor of the principal component (PC) 1, which is predominantly associated with indicators of natural resistance, and PC2, which is associated with metabolism indicators. The research results show that in order to increase the efficiency of formation of post-vaccination immunity in piglets, it is necessary to combine vaccination with hepatoprotective drugs

Разнообразие типов самбала в Индонезии

Sambal is a processed chili paste with a spicy taste. The history of sambal begins with the arrival of chili seeds brought by the Portuguese in the 16th century, which was like a cultural renaissance of spicy foods. The methodology used for this research included analysis of food ethnographic literature, origin, function and types of sambal found in relevant articles and book chapters. The results show that the population with the highest consumption of sambal lives on the Sumatra Islands. There are two types of sambal preparation methods, namely slicing and mashing. Some chili sauces can be cooked or eaten raw. Sambal diversity is influenced by several factors, namely resources, geographical factors, history, and culture. Thus, sambal is considered to be an important contributor to food diversity in Indonesia because every local cuisine includes sambal and it is never left behind.Самбал — это переработанная паста из чили с острым вкусом. История самбала начинается с появлением семян чили, ввезенных португальцами в XVI веке, что было подобно культурному ренессансу острой пищи. Использованной для данного исследования методологией был анализ этнографической литературы по пищевым продуктам, происхождения, функций и типов самбала из релевантных статей и глав книг. Результаты показали, что наиболее высокое потребление самбала было у жителей о. Суматра. Существует два типа методов приготовления самбала, а именно нарезка и растирание. Некоторые соусы чили могут быть термообработаны или потребляться сырыми. На разнообразие самбала влияют несколько факторов, а именно, ресурсы, географические факторы, история и культура. Таким образом, самбал рассматривается как важный фактор, вносящий вклад в разнообразие блюд в Индонезии, т. к. каждая кухня включает самбал и от него никогда не отказываются

Исследование методом сетевой фармакологии и молекулярного докинга для выявления потенциальной противораковой активности морских цитотоксинов — осциллатоксинов D, E, и F

Oscillatoxins (OTXs) are cytotoxins produced by some marine cyanobacteria. Their unique structures show a great potency as an anticancer agent. The limited availability of OTX derivatives in nature provides little information about their biological activity. Some of OTX activities have been tested in the in vitro or in vivo studies toward cancer cell lines, but their exact mechanism of action on the target is unclear. In this study, we used the network pharmacology analysis method to predict the target and mechanism of action of oscillatoxin D (OTX-D), 30 methyl oscillatoxin D (30-methyl-OTX-D), oscillatoxin E (OTX-E), and oscillatoxin F (OTX-F). There are 20 possible targets of the four compounds toward cancer, and the main targets of them are PIK3CA, CDK1, and MTOR. This was also followed by the molecular docking study to understand the interaction between the four compounds and their targets. Molecular docking showed that the four compounds interacted well with the key targets. In this study, four derivatives of OTXs and their three key targets for the anticancer action were revealed suggesting multiple signaling pathways, including PD-L1 expression and PD‑1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, proteoglycans in cancer, and pathways in cancer, establishing a theoretical framework for the further experimental study.Осциллатоксины (OTXs) —  это цитотоксины, продуцируемые некоторыми морскими цианобактериями. Их уникальные структуры показывают высокую эффективность в качестве противораковых средств. Ограниченная доступность производных OTXs в природе дает мало информации об их биологической активности. Было тестировано несколько активностей OTXs в исследованиях in vitro или in vivo в отношении линий раковых клеток, но их точный механизм действия на мишень не ясен. В данном исследовании мы использовали метод сетевой фармакологии для прогнозирования мишеней и механизмов действия осциллатоксина D (OTX-D), 30 метил-осциллатоксина D (30-метил-OTX-D), осциллатоксина E (OTX-E), и осциллатоксина F (OTX-F). Существуют 20 возможных мишеней четырех соединений против рака и их основными мишенями являются PIK3CA, CDK1 и MTOR. Затем было проведено исследование методом молекулярного докинга для понимания взаимодействия между 4 соединениями и их мишенями. Молекулярный докинг показал, что 4 соединения хорошо взаимодействовали с ключевыми мишенями. В данной работе было выявлено 4 производных OTXs и 3 ключевых мишени для противоракового действия, указывая на множественные сигнальные пути, включая путь экспрессии PD-L1 и контрольной точки PD-1 при раке, протеогликаны при раке и пути при раке, устанавливая теоретические рамки для дальнейшего экспериментального исследования

Molecular identification of trichoderma isolates from sugarcane bagasse based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA

This study aimed to identify Trichoderma from sugarcane bagasse based on iinternal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. The sample used was pure isolate of Trichoderma from sugarcane bagasse. DNA samples were isolated using the modified CTAB method. DNA was amplified using the primers ITS1 and ITS4. Interestingly, the results showed that Trichoderma genomic DNA has a concentration of 92.56 mg with a purity of 1.91. The amplicon of Trichoderma DNA is about 600 bp, whereas phylogenetic analysis shows that the sample of Trichoderma from sugarcane bagasse is one group with Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma piluliferum, Trichoderma sp. SQR339, Hypocrea nigricans, and Trichoderma sp. NFML CH12 BB. 15, Trichoderma aureoviride, Hypocrea lixii, and Trichoderma BAB-4585

Biological Activity of Kencur (Kaempferia Galanga L.) Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: in Silico Study

COVID-19 is a syndrome affecting pulmonary function but rather in serious conditions leads to death. Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a type of rhizome plant in Indonesia that is used as an herbal medicine called Jamu because it is believed to be able to cure various types of diseases. One of which is for anti-virus. The goal of this study was to see how effective the compounds in kencur are against COVID-19 with a molecular docking strategy. Kencur biological activities were obtained from the library and the design of the Acute Respiratory Syndrome Main protease (Mpro) has been gained from the protein data bank website. In addition, the biological activities in kencur were examined utilizing Lipinski's five-point concept was used to evaluate their substance molecular characteristics. Molecular docking analysis was performed with the PyRx Virtual Screening Tool software. The PyRx program was used for molecular docking simulation. While, the Discovery Studio Visualizer program was used to visualize the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) and the pharmacologically active metabolites in kencur. The docking evaluation on three antiviral substances revealed that Quercetin had the lowest binding energy when bound with Mpro and thus had the greatest potential as a viral inhibitor