Preliminary results of the Vega 1 and Vega 2 optical investigation of aerosol in the atmosphere of Venus at 30-60 KM

Aerosol concentration profiles were measured by an aerosol spectrometer above the landing sites of the Vega 1 and Vega 2 landers. Approximately the same altitude zones were found as in previous experiments: a three-layered basic cloud cover, an intermediate zone and subcloud haze. There were significant quantitative differences in the concentrations of particles, however, and especially in the spectra of their dimensions. Nightglow was found in the troposphere of Venus at a wavelength of about 1 micron. The backscatter coefficient and the extinction coefficient change very little between 32 and 63 km. Large numbers of submicron particles apparently exist in the atmosphere above the landing sites

Congruence of intranasal aerodynamics and functional heterogeneity of olfactory epithelium

Zonal organization of the olfactory system is determined not only by peculiarities of the expression of olfactory receptor genes but also by the geometry of nasal passage, where receptors to the most muco-soluble compounds are concentrated in the area with the maximal rate of air flow (dorsal part), while receptors to less volatile compounds are concentrated in ventral part of the nose. An increase in the flow rate in certain areas of nasal cavity, on the one hand, allows acceleration of the perception of odor stimuli by olfactory receptors and, on the other hand, increases the risk of the effect of different pathogens (contained in the air) on this area due to the larger intensity of their precipitation. In this study, we demonstrated by means of manganese- enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that a more intensive capture of insoluble particles occurs in ventral part of mouse olfactory epithelium than in dorsal part during intranasal introduction of the colloid solution of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MON, Mn3O4). The joint introduction of MON and specific blockers of cellular transport and endocytosis demonstrated that the particles are captured from the nasal cavity by means of endocytosis and are transported in olfactory bulb cells by means of intracellular transport. The clathrin-dependent type of endocytosis mainly contributes to the capture of MON in the dorsal part of the olfactory epithelium (as opposed to ventral). Thus, it was established that two functional regions of mouse olfactory epithelium differing in the intensities of precipitation of submicron aerosols demonstrate different intensities of the capture of insoluble particles from the nasal cavity and have differences in the mechanisms of their endocytosis. Consequently, the structural and functional organization of mouse nasal cavity completely meets the principle of adaptive congruence, which limits infectious and toxic effects of nanoaerosols on the olfactory epithelium cells and the brain

Spectrophotometric experiment on the Verera-11 and Venera-12 descent vehicles: Some results of the analysis of the spectrum of the daytime sky of Venus

The spectra of the daytime sky of Venus were recorded on the Venera-11 and Venera-12 descent vehicles at various altitudes above the planet's surface, within the interval of 4500 to 12,000 Angstroms. The angular distribution of the brightness of the scattered radiation was recorded and the ratio of water and carbon dioxide were studied, with respect to the cloud cover boundaries

Professional Training of Officers of the National Guard Forces for Performance of Service and Combattasks in Special Conditions: Historical Analysis

В статье представлен исторический обзор выполнения офицерами служебно-боевых задач в особых условиях (горных районах).The article presents a historical overview of the performance of service and combat missions by officers in special conditions

Results and interpretation of measurements of the light flux in the near-surface layer of the Venusian atmosphere

The characteristics of the field of radiation in the near surface layer of the atmosphere and on the surface of Venus are reported. Optical measurements made during the landing of the descent vehicles are described. The relief of the surface and the amount of dust on it are examined. The spectral relationship of the albedo of the soil and the light flux incident on the surface is discussed

THE WORLD OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH IN RUSSIAN NOBLE FAMILIES OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY IN THE CONTEXT OF STRATIFICATION APPROACH

traditions. Hence, it is one of the criteria for evolutionary or revolutionary changes in a particular society, accentuating the culture of everyday life and the connection of generations. In a rigidly structured estate society, such as the population of the Russian Empire, the world of childhood and youth developed in the context of social traditionalism, adopted in one or another estate community. Methodology: The basis of the study is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and science. To prove these theses, comparative-historical, problem-chronological, logical-analytical methods were used, which made it possible to reliably reconstruct the world of childhood and youth in noble families of Russia of the first half of the nineteenth century. Result: The most detailed system of socialization of children and adolescents was developed in an environment of a noble family, distinguished by more strict and complex etiquette, where pride in belonging to a noble class was inculcated at an early age. But the feeling of belonging to the upper class among the young nobles was different and mediated by many factors, first of all, the ancient lineage, the level of the material wealth of the family, education, upbringing,  and culture. That is, the variability of the socialization of children and adolescents was extensive. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of The World of Childhood and Youth in Russian Noble Families of the First Half of the Nineteenth Century in the Context of Stratification Approach is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner

Female Scent Signals Enhance the Resistance of Male Mice to Influenza

Background: The scent from receptive female mice functions as a signal, which stimulates male mice to search for potential mating partners. This searching behavior is coupled with infection risk due to sniffing both scent marks as well as nasal and anogenital areas of females, which harbor bacteria and viruses. Consideration of host evolution under unavoidable parasitic pressures, including helminthes, bacteria, viruses, etc., predicts adaptations that help protect hosts against the parasites associated with mating. Methods and Findings: We propose that the perception of female signals by BALB/c male mice leads to adaptive redistribution of the immune defense directed to protection against respiratory infection risks. Our results demonstrate migration of macrophages and neutrophils to the upper airways upon exposure to female odor stimuli, which results in an increased resistance of the males to experimental influenza virus infection. This moderate leukocyte intervention had no negative effect on the aerobic performance in male mice. Conclusions: Our data provide the first demonstration of the adaptive immunological response to female odor stimul

Reconstruction of unbroken vasculature of mouse by varying the slope of the scan plane in MRI

Reconstruction of vascular net of small laboratory animals from MRI data is associated with some problems. This paper proposes a method of MRI data processing which allows to eliminate the fragmentation of reconstructed vascular net. Problem of vessels fragmentation occurs in the case when vessels are parallel to the scanning plane. Our approach is based on multiple scanning, object under consideration is probed by several sets of parallel planes. The algorithm is applied to real MRI data of small laboratory animals and shows good results