Teaching of Asian languages

The article presents the main stages and directions of East education and science establishment and development in Kazan during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They showed the role of the Kazan Gymnasium in the environment development for the training of experts in Eastern languages and their relevance in the academic environment of Russia during the 18th - 19th centuries. An important reason for the authority of the Kazan school on Oriental studies was the attention to the classical component and the priority of Oriental language practical study. The activities of the First Kazan Men's Gymnasium, opened in 1758, became the most important for the training of oriental personnel for the needs of the Ministry of Education, the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other Russian educational and scientific centers of the empire. The origins of Russian oriental studies were represented by the educational programs of the First Kazan Gymnasium associated with the Eastern languages, which became the basis for the research and humanistic traditions of Russian Oriental studies.peer-reviewe

Role of structural vacancies in the stabilization of the basic B1 structure in nonstoichiometric titanium monoxide TiO y

The electron structures and formation enthalpies of vacancy-free cubic TiO, vacancy-ordered monoclinic Ti5O5, and vacancy-disordered cubic TiO y have been investigated using DFT+GGA calculations. Ti5O5 was found to be the stablest phase and TiO was found to be the least stable. The reason for the stability of the titanium and oxygen vacancies in the basic B1 structures of Ti5O5 and TiO y has been deduced. The titanium vacancies lead to a decrease in the Fermi energy. Oxygen vacancies cause strengthening in covalent Ti-Ti bonding. © 2013 Allerton Press, Inc

Lexico-Semantic Transformations In Translation Of American English Paremiological Units

The following article is devoted to the study of the employment of lexico-semantic transformations in translation of American English paremiological units into the Russian and Spanish languages. Our aim is to compare and contrast the frequency of the usage of particular transformations depending on the target language. At the beginning of the research we put forward two hypotheses: 1) meaning development is going to be the most frequently used type of lexico-semantic transformations in translation to both languages, 2) the percentage of usage of concretization, generalization and metonymic translation is going to be very low in both languages.The received results proved the first hypothesis only partially. Meaning development was found to be the most popular type of lexico-semantic transformations in translation only to the Spanish language (22%). The analysis of the Russian translations showed that meaning development was used in only 16% of the cases while addition was found in 20% of the translated paremiological units. As for concretization, generalization and metonymic translation, in both languages the percentage of their usage is quite low and in some cases is even zero, which totally proved our second hypothesis.The received data allow to identify common for both languages translation features as well as to determine how the language difference affects the choice of translation transformations. These results can be quite useful for the development of the workable model of translation of American English paremiological units to different languages

Somatosensory-Evoked Early Sharp Waves in the Neonatal Rat Hippocampus

The developing entorhinal–hippocampal system is embedded within a large-scale bottom-up network, where spontaneous myoclonic movements, presumably via somatosensory feedback, trigger hippocampal early sharp waves (eSPWs). The hypothesis, that somatosensory feedback links myoclonic movements with eSPWs, implies that direct somatosensory stimulation should also be capable of evoking eSPWs. In this study, we examined hippocampal responses to electrical stimulation of the somatosensory periphery in urethane-anesthetized, immobilized neonatal rat pups using silicone probe recordings. We found that somatosensory stimulation in ~33% of the trials evoked local field potential (LFP) and multiple unit activity (MUA) responses identical to spontaneous eSPWs. The somatosensory-evoked eSPWs were delayed from the stimulus, on average, by 188 ms. Both spontaneous and somatosensory-evoked eSPWs (i) had similar amplitude of ~0.5 mV and half-duration of ~40 ms, (ii) had similar current-source density (CSD) profiles, with current sinks in CA1 strata radiatum, lacunosum-moleculare and DG molecular layer and (iii) were associated with MUA increase in CA1 and DG. Our results indicate that eSPWs can be triggered by direct somatosensory stimulations and support the hypothesis that sensory feedback from movements is involved in the association of eSPWs with myoclonic movements in neonatal rats

Historical perspectives of spiritual and moral education in India

© Serials Publications. The relevance of the investigated problem is caused by the increased attention to the issues of the spiritual and moral renewal of the society. The article is devoted to the development and formation of spiritual and moral education in India. The leading approach to an investigated problem is the dialectical approach which allowed to identify and provide the stages of formation of spiritual and moral education in different historical periods. The authors advocate that the Indian system of education provides spiritual and moral education by students' attracting to moral values, by attitudes to themselves, people and the world around them

Effect of high pressures and high temperatures on the structure of nanostructured titanium monoxide Nanosystems

The structure of nanostructured titanium monoxide TiO0.98 containing structural vacancies in two sublattices simultaneously has been modified via thermobaric annealing. Analysis of the experimental data on thermobaric synthesis of nanostructured TiO0.98 with cubic B1 type structure at temperatures 573 – 2273 K and pressure 6 GPa revealed that a transition from the cubic B1 (sp. gr. Fm3m) phase to the trigonal Ti2O3 (sp. gr. R3c) phase takes place in the nanostructured monoxide as a result of high pressures and high temperatures. The first-principle calculations of the cohesive energy and electronic structure show that the trigonal phase with space group R3c is energetically favorable compared to the cubic phase of the same composition TiO3/2 and the orthorhombic ordered Ti2O3 (sp. gr. Immm) phase

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN PATIENTS WITH POSTINFARCTION CARDIOSCLEROSIS AND ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, DEPENDING ON THE AFFECTED CORONARY REGION

Acute and chronic perfusion disorders, the presence of hypertension are among the main risk factors for the development of electrical instability of the myocardium, in particular ventricular arrhythmias (VA), the progressive course of which increases the risk of sudden cardiac death. Changes in a number of electro- and echocardiographic indicators are recommended to be considered as predictors of the development of life-threatening arrhythmias. Purpose of the study was to study VA features, myocardial remodeling processed and lipid metabolism in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and myocardial infarction, depending on the affected coronary region. Material and methods. The study involved 50 patients 40–80 years old with post-infarction cardiosclerosis, AH, ventricular arrhythmias episodes, of which 25 people are patients with atherosclerotic lesions of left coronary artery (LCA), 25 people are with the lesions of right coronary artery (RCA). Exclusion criteria: dilated cardiomyopathy, decompensated valvular defects, arrhythmogenic dysplasia, idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, myocarditis. Research methods: echocardiography, coronary angiography, Holter monitor (24-Hour ECG monitoring), biochemical data. Results and discussion. The tendency to the presence of more pronounced pathological changes of heart rate turbulence due to an increase of turbulence slope, dominance of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system against the background of a significantly larger number of paired ventricular extrasystoles have been revealed in the group of patients with atherosclerotic lesions of LCA. That reflects organic and functional changes in the myocardium. The absence of significant changes in the duration and dispersion of the QT interval of the compared groups confirmed the low informativeness of these criteria in the prediction of the VA. The significantly lower value of interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular myocardial mass, and larger size of the right ventricle (0.15 ms) have been revealed along with the above mentioned changes in the group due to the slightly different course of the AH, myocardial remodeling processes. However, more significant changes in the lipid profile, in particular an increase in the level of total cholesterol and blood triglycerides have been registered in the group of patients with PCA. Conclusion. The more pronounced pathological shift of heart rate turbulence due to the increase of turbulence slope up to 4.4 ms/RR on the background of more paired ventricular extrasystoles has been determined in the defeat of the LCA. The significantly lower value of interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular myocardial mass, and larger size of the right ventricular have been observed in the group of patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the LCA in comparison with group of patients with lesions of the PCA

Human sympathoadrenal system and adrenal cortex in prepubertal and pubertal periods

A complex study of the functional state of the sympathoadrenal system and adrenal cortex in 10-15-year-old children of both sexes was carried out using the indices of daily excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 17-ketosteroids, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. A synchronism in the functional activity of the mediator component of the sympathoadrenal system as well as of the androgenic and glucocorticoid functions of the adrenal cortex was observed with age and during pubertal development of children. At the same time, heterochronic maturation was observed in the sex groups: in girls at the age of 10 and 12 years and in boys at the age of 14-15 years. The changes of different direction and intensity in the excretion of the studied hormones and hormonal metabolites were observed in the sex and age groups. A sharp increase in the daily excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites accompanied by a considerable decrease in the age index of noradrenaline secretion was observed in 14-and 15-year-old boys from beginning to end of school year; in addition, an increase in the daily excretion of sex hormones was observed at the age of 15 years. In girls, these indices varied within the age range, which points to a more sophisticated neuroendocrine control of physiological functions in girls during puberty. © 2008 MAIK Nauka

Inositol Phosphates and their Biological Effects

The paper is dedicated to data analysis on inositol phosphates nature distribution, structure and biological functions as well as enzymes - phytases - capable to hydrolyze these hardly digestible compounds and their complexes. Pharmaceutical application of inositol phosphates in treatment and prevention of various inflammatory and cancer diseases is discussed