Crossed Colonization. Housing Development in Urban Peripheries. The Hispanic-African Colonial Territories, 1912 – 1976 – 2013

This chapter aims to fill a gap in the field of urban studies and colonialism in Africa regarding the processes of design and construction of public housing projects in Hispanic-African territories and their contextualization—at a global and a local scale— both at the time of their construction and in their current situation. To do so, this chapter studies three different cases located in Morocco, Western Sahara and Sidi Ifni, as well as Equatorial Guinea. By analyzing these case studies, the chapter concludes with a reflection upon the relationship between colonialism, power, inequality and spatial transformation in these former Hispanic African territories

Validation of a Thin-Layer Chromatography for the Determination of Hydrocortisone Acetate and Lidocaine in a Pharmaceutical Preparation

A new specific, precise, accurate, and robust TLC-densitometry has been developed for the simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone acetate and lidocaine hydrochloride in combined pharmaceutical formulation. The chromatographic analysis was carried out using a mobile phase consisting of chloroform + acetone + ammonia (25%) in volume composition 8 : 2 : 0.1 and silica gel 60F 254 plates. Densitometric detection was performed in UV at wavelengths 200 nm and 250 nm, respectively, for lidocaine hydrochloride and hydrocortisone acetate. The validation of the proposed method was performed in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, and robustness. The applied TLC procedure is linear in hydrocortisone acetate concentration range of 3.75 ÷ 12.50 g⋅spot −1 , and from 1.00 ÷ 2.50 g⋅spot −1 for lidocaine hydrochloride. The developed method was found to be accurate (the value of the coefficient of variation CV [%] is less than 3%), precise (CV [%] is less than 2%), specific, and robust. LOQ of hydrocortisone acetate is 0.198 g⋅spot −1 and LOD is 0.066 g⋅spot −1 . LOQ and LOD values for lidocaine hydrochloride are 0.270 and 0.090 g⋅spot −1 , respectively. The assay value of both bioactive substances is consistent with the limits recommended by Pharmacopoeia

C4 nephritic factor in patients with immune-complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and C3-glomerulopathy

L

Bimodal release of olanzapine from lipid microspheres

Olanzapine was formulated as 10% (w/w) mixture with cutina to which stearic acid was added, ranging from 10% to 90% (w/w) of the total mass to control the drug release. The molten mixtures were processed by ultrasound-assisted spray-congealing technique, obtaining solid microspheres. The drug is stable under these conditions and only a partial miscibility in the solid state was observed by DSC between the two fatty materials with two separated melting endotherms in the thermograms: this can be due to the presence of two phases inside the solid dispersion. Olanzapine is distributed into the two phases according to its partition coefficient: two phases make the system less suitable to crystallization of the drug; the loading of the drug could reach saturation with difficulty and the rate of the olanzapine release is differentiated, since the drug is released from two different carriers. Dissolution profiles suggest occurrence of a bimodal release, where each portion of the release profile is linear and the slope increases with a higher content of stearic acid in the carrier mixture, that behaves as a release promoter. Tests were also carried out with palmitic and lauric acids for comparison and also for systems in the absence of ultrasound

Elaboration of alginate microspheres by emulsification-ionotropic gelation technique containing bioadhesive polymers. A morphological study of the systems.

Natural polymers have great advantages becausethey have good biocompatibility, specificdegradation and the feasibility to incorporatedrugs into their matrices. Amongst the naturalpolymers, alginate has been used by manyworkers as a matrix for the controlled release ofdrugs. It has an ability to cause abioadhesion with mucosal membranes. Drugdelivery in the oral mucosa has many advantagesfor drugs such as local anaesthetics. However,this site of the oral cavity is subjected to theinfluence of the salivation process, that canremove the remanent dosage form from theapplication site. Therefore, the addition of abioadhesive to the bead formulation could avoidthis removing effect. The most commonly used technique for carrying drugs in an alginate matrix is by extrudingdroplets of alginate drug solution or dispersioninto a calcium chloride bath. Gelation occurs byan ionic interaction between the calcium ionsand the carboxylate anion of G-G blocks ascalcium ions diffuse from the external sourceinto the droplet. An alternative to thesetechniques is the emulsification method, whichallows the encapsulation of the drug in small beads. Bead formation through emulsion techniques hasnot been adequately investigated withbioadhesive polymers. An emulsion of analginate aqueous solution in oil can be added toCaCl2 solution, and thereby leads to beadformation. However, particle size cannot beeasily controlled and the beads tend to coagulate into large masses before hardening properly. In the present study, the gelation of alginate-Chitosan (CH) and alginate-Gantrez\uae solution isachieved through the emulsification of thissolution with the lipophilic phase. In a first stage,a morphological study by SEM has beenrealized, in order to determine the presence orabsence of bead aggregates, and their shape and parameters