Erythropoietin (EPO) increases myelin gene expression in CG4 oligodendrocyte cells through the classical EPO receptor

Erythropoietin (EPO) has protective effects in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, including in animal models of multiple sclerosis, where EPO decreases disease severity. EPO also promotes neurogenesis and is protective in models of toxic demyelination. In this study, we asked whether EPO could promote neurorepair by also inducing remyelination. In addition, we investigated whether the effect of EPO could be mediated by the classical erythropoietic EPO receptor (EPOR), since it is still questioned if EPOR is functional in non-hematopoietic cells. Using CG4 cells, a line of rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells, we found that EPO increases the expression of myelin genes (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and myelin basic protein (MBP)). EPO had no effect in wild-type CG4 cells, which do not express EPOR, whereas it increased MOG and MBP expression in cells engineered to overexpress EPOR (CG4-EPOR). This was reflected in a marked increase in MOG protein levels, as detected by western blot. In these cells, EPO induced by 10-fold the early growth response gene 2 (Egr2), which is required for peripheral myelination. However, Egr2 silencing with a siRNA did not reverse the effect of EPO, indicating that EPO acts through other pathways. In conclusion, EPO induces the expression of myelin genes in oligodendrocytes and this effect requires the presence of EPOR. This study demonstrates that EPOR can mediate neuroreparative effects

Vortical and Wave Modes in 3D Rotating Stratified Flows: Random Large Scale Forcing

Utilizing an eigenfunction decomposition, we study the growth and spectra of energy in the vortical and wave modes of a 3D rotating stratified fluid as a function of $\epsilon = f/N$. Working in regimes characterized by moderate Burger numbers, i.e. $Bu = 1/\epsilon^2 < 1$ or $Bu \ge 1$, our results indicate profound change in the character of vortical and wave mode interactions with respect to $Bu = 1$. As with the reference state of $\epsilon=1$, for $\epsilon < 1$ the wave mode energy saturates quite quickly and the ensuing forward cascade continues to act as an efficient means of dissipating ageostrophic energy. Further, these saturated spectra steepen as $\epsilon$ decreases: we see a shift from $k^{-1}$ to $k^{-5/3}$ scaling for $k_f < k < k_d$ (where $k_f$ and $k_d$ are the forcing and dissipation scales, respectively). On the other hand, when $\epsilon > 1$ the wave mode energy never saturates and comes to dominate the total energy in the system. In fact, in a sense the wave modes behave in an asymmetric manner about $\epsilon = 1$. With regard to the vortical modes, for $\epsilon \le 1$, the signatures of 3D quasigeostrophy are clearly evident. Specifically, we see a $k^{-3}$ scaling for $k_f < k < k_d$ and, in accord with an inverse transfer of energy, the vortical mode energy never saturates but rather increases for all $k < k_f$. In contrast, for $\epsilon > 1$ and increasing, the vortical modes contain a progressively smaller fraction of the total energy indicating that the 3D quasigeostrophic subsystem plays an energetically smaller role in the overall dynamics.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figs. (abbreviated abstract

Freely decaying weak turbulence for sea surface gravity waves

We study numerically the generation of power laws in the framework of weak turbulence theory for surface gravity waves in deep water. Starting from a random wave field, we let the system evolve numerically according to the nonlinear Euler equations for gravity waves in infinitely deep water. In agreement with the theory of Zakharov and Filonenko, we find the formation of a power spectrum characterized by a power law of the form of $|{\bf k}|^{-2.5}$.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Wind generated rogue waves in an annular wave flume

We investigate experimentally the statistical properties of a wind-generated wave field and the spontaneous formation of rogue waves in an annular flume. Unlike many experiments on rogue waves, where waves are mechanically generated, here the wave field is forced naturally by wind as it is in the ocean. What is unique about the present experiment is that the annular geometry of the tank makes waves propagating circularly in an {\it unlimited-fetch} condition. Within this peculiar framework, we discuss the temporal evolution of the statistical properties of the surface elevation. We show that rogue waves and heavy-tail statistics may develop naturally during the growth of the waves just before the wave height reaches a stationary condition. Our results shed new light on the formation of rogue waves in a natural environment

Обоснование безопасных расстояний перехода через пути

[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT A considerable number of accidents (collisions with people) on the tracks makes it necessary to study behavior of pedestrians, their reaction, criteria of threat assessment in the zone of «areas of approaching», and of selection of a safe time for themselves within a visually controlled distance. The paper presents results of measurements and calculations of time that pedestrians need to safely cross the tracks under different conditions and in diverse situations. Practical application of obtained dependences suggests the scope of design of safety equipment and the creation of new technical devices in the zone of responsibility of railways, including the rationale for requirements for existing signaling systems at pedestrian crossings. Keywords: rail track, area of approaching, pedestrian crossing, crossing time, safe distance, train speed. REFERENCES 1.Analysis of the state of occupational safety, electrical safety, industrial and fire safety, non-industrial accidents in the Moscow Directorate of Infrastructure of JSC Russian Railways in 2014 [Analiz sostojanija ohrany truda, elektrobezopasnosti, promyshlennoj i pozharnoj bezopasnosti, neproizvodstvennogo travmatizma v Moskovskoj direkcii infrastruktury OAO «RZhD» za 2014 god]. 2.Zhukov, V.I., Volkov, A.V., Ptushkina, L. V.Improved safety at pedestrian crossings over railway tracks [Povyshenie bezopasnosti na peshehodnyh perehodah cherez zheleznodorozhnye puti].Put’ i putevoe hozjajstvo, 2014, Iss.9, pp.32-37. 3.Shevandin, M.A., Annenkov, A.M., Vygnanova, T. M.Assessment of collision hazard and protection means at railway crossings: Guidelines for degree designing [Ocenka opasnosti naezda i sredstva zashhity pri perehode zheleznodorozhnyh putej: Metodicheskie ukazanija k diplomnomu proektirovaniju].Moscow, 1985, 46 p. 4.Pedestrian crossings over railway tracks.Technical requirements approved by the order of JSC Russian Railways dated 23.12.2009 № 2655r - as amended on 09.09.2010 № 1896r [Peshehodnye perehody cherez zheleznodorozhnye puti. Tehnicheskie trebovanija, utverzhdennye rasporjazheniem OAO «RZhD» ot 23.12.2009 № 2655r - s izmenenijami, vnesennymi 09.09.2010 № 1896r]. 5.Zhukov, V.I., Volkov, A.V., Ptushkina, L. V.Improving pedestrian crossing across railway tracks [Sovershenstvovanie peshehodnyh perehodov cherez zheleznodorozhnye puti].Put’ i putevoe hozjajstvo, 2013, Iss.9, pp.22-25. 6.Health and Safety: textbook in 2 parts.Part 2: Occupational safety in rail transport [Bezopasnost’ zhiznedejatel’nosti: uchebnik v 2 ch. - Ch.2: Bezopasnost’ truda na zheleznodorozhnom transporte].Ponomarev, V.M.[et al]; ed.by V. M.Ponomarev, V. I.Zhukov.Moscow, UMC ZhDT, 2014, 607 p. 7.Systems of automation and remote control on railways of the world: educational guide [Sistemy avtomatiki i telemehaniki na zheleznyh dorogah mira: Ucheb. posobie]/ Transl.from English.Moscow, Intekst publ., 2010, 496 p. 8.Traffic safety on railways: educational guide.In 2 p.Part 1: Safety essentials [Bezopasnost’ dvizhenija na zheleznyh dorogah: Ucheb. posobie. V 2 ch. - Ch.1: Osnovy bezopasnosti]. Balalaev, S.V., Kologrivaya, I. E.Khabarovsk, FESTU publ., 2013, 111 p. 9.Warning system on train movement and approximation of railway rolling stock.General requirements.GOST R55804-2013 [Sistemy informirovanija o dvizhenii poezdov i opoveshhenija o priblizhenii zheleznodorozhnogo podvizhnogo sostava. Obshhie trebovanija. GOST R55804-2013] [Electronic source]: http://standartgost.ru/g/ГОСТ_Р_55804-2013.Last accessed 03.11.2015. 10.Safety at work.General safety on railway tracks [Tehnika bezopasnosti pri vypolnenii rabot Obshhie mery bezopasnosti na zheleznodorozhnyh putjah].[Electronic source]: http://ohrana-bgd.narod.ru/jdtrans/jdtrans2_008.html.Last accessed 03.11.2015. 11.SP 227.1326000.2014 intersections of rail lines with the lines of transport and engineering networks [SP 227.1326000.2014 Peresechenija zheleznodorozhnyh linij s linijami transporta i inzhenernymi setjami].[Electronic source]: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200120205.Last accessed 03.11.2015.Текст аннотации на англ. языке и полный текст статьи на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).Немалое количество происшествий (наездов на людей) на путях движения поезда заставляет изучать поведение человека, его реакции, оценку угроз в районе «участков приближения», выбора безопасного для себя времени в пределах визуально контролируемого расстояния. В статье представлены измерения времени перехода пешеходов через железнодорожные пути для различных условий и ситуаций. Практическое применение полученных зависимостей предполагает сферу проектирования средств обеспечения безопасности и создания новых технических устройств в зоне ответственности железных дорог, в том числе обоснование требований к существующим системам сигнализации на пешеходных переходах

Controlled Transformation of Electrical, Magnetic and Optical Material Properties by Ion Beams

Key circumstance of radical progress for technology of XXI century is the development of a technique which provides controllable producing three-dimensional patterns incorporating regions of nanometer sizes and required physical and chemical properties. Our paper for the first time proposes the method of purposeful direct transformation of the most important substance physical properties, such as electrical, magnetic, optical and others by controllable modification of solid state atomic constitution. The basis of the new technology is discovered by us effect of selective atom removing out of thin di- and polyatomic films by beams of accelerated particles. Potentials of that technique have been investigated and confirmed by our numerous experiments. It has been shown, particularly, that selective atom removing allows to transform in a controllable way insulators into metals, non-magnetics into magnetics, to change radically optical features and some other properties of materials. The opportunity to remove selectively atoms of a certain sort out of solid state compounds is, as such, of great interest in creating technology associated primarily with needs of nanoelectronics as well as many other "nano-problems" of XXI century.Comment: 22 pages, PDF, 9 figure