Can ionic concentration changes due to mechanical deformation be responsible for the neurostimulation caused by focused ultrasound? a simulation study

Objective Ultrasound stimulation is an emerging neuromodulation technique, for which the exact mechanism of action is still unknown. Despite the number of hypotheses such as mechanosensitive ion channels and intermembrane cavitation, they fail to explain all of the observed experimental effects. Here we are investigating the ionic concentration change as a prime mechanism for the neurostimulation by the ultrasound. Approach We derive the direct analytical relationship between the mechanical deformations in the tissue and the electric boundary conditions for the cable theory equations and solve them for two types of neuronal axon models: Hodgkin-Huxley and C-fibre. We detect the activation thresholds for a variety of ultrasound stimulation cases including continuous and pulsed ultrasound and estimate the mechanical deformations required for reaching the thresholds and generating action potentials. Main results We note that the proposed mechanism strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the neural tissues, which at the moment cannot be located in literature with the required certainty. We conclude that given certain common linear assumptions, this mechanism alone cannot cause significant effects and be responsible for neurostimulation. However, we also conclude that if the lower estimation of mechanical properties of neural tissues in literature is true, or if the normal cavitation occurs during the ultrasound stimulation, the proposed mechanism can be a prime cause for the generation of action potentials. Significance The approach allows prediction and modelling of most observed experimental effects, including the probabilistic ones, without the need for any extra physical effects or additional parameters

Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Patients with Abdominal Sepsis

Kryvoruchko I. A., Antonova M. S., Tonkoglas O. A., Goni S.-K. T. Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Patients with Abdominal Sepsis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(3):449-456. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.399313 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4362 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 21.03.2017. Revised 22.03.2017. Accepted: 23.03.2017. Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Patients with Abdominal Sepsis I. A. Kryvoruchko, M. S. Antonova, O. A. Tonkoglas, S.-K. T. Goni Kharkov National Medical University Ministry of Health of Ukraine Abstract Investigations were carried out in 53 patients who were operated on in 2015 about abdominal sepsis (AS). All patients were assigned according the severity of the condition, which was determined depending on the severity of the systemic inflammatory response and multiple organ failure: I group - patients with AS (28); II group - patients with severe AS (14); III group - patients with septic shock (11). Surgical management of all patients included two major components: control source of infection (source control) and control of organ damaged and the protective mechanisms system (damage control). In the first group, the laparotomy ended by suturing the wounds tightly with traditional drainage; in groups II and III surgical treatment were supplemented by the use of techniques aimed at the prevention and reduction of elevated intra-abdominal pressure. Studies have shown that 100 % of patients with AS showed an increase in intra-abdominal pressure and the development of intra-abdominal hypertension. While ACS developed in 18.9 % of cases (4 patients with severe sepsis and 6 - with septic shock). The highest mortality rate was observed among patients with grade III and IV intra-abdominal hypertension (11 of 25 patients). Key words: intra-abdominal pressure, abdominal sepsis, abdominal compartment syndrome, treatment

ABOUT THE MORPHOLOGY OF BUD SCALES AND CATAPHYLLS OF ULMUS GLABRA HUDS. (ULMACEAE)

Background. Specific features of plant development and mechanisms ensuring such processes are expressly linked with the  structure of buds and hence the leaf series formed on lateral shoots.Materials and methods. The material of the study was the shoots  of the second to fifth orders of nineteen plant samples in their  generative age (G1, G2) grown in the well-lighted habitats in the  Park of Petrozavodsk and the Park of Komarovo Town (St.  Petersburg). All buds on vegetative and vegetative-generative shoots (more than 250) were investigated. The leaf organs of the formed  seventy-nine vegetative buds of Ulmus glabra Huds. were  consistently disassembled and measured under an MBS-9 binocular.  The analysis of the development of bud scales in unfolding buds made it possible to observe structural features unavailable in a  static study of buds. Results and conclusions. The growth of the leaf organs in a series was found to occur in different ways. Almost completely suberized  external scales represented a thickly grown leaf base fused with  poorly developed stipules. The scales from the first to the fourth did  not grow at all when the bud was unfolding. The fifth and the sixth  scales showed weak intercalary growth during the unfolding. The tips  of the seventh up to the tenth scales were weakly suberized and had two blades which formed a cap covering the tip of  the bud. The scale which preceded the emergence of a leaf sprout with a leaf blade had on its tip pronounced lobes and a depression  between them with a rounded bottom and hairs along the edge. It  was followed by a sprout with large separated stipules, an almost  unpronounced leaf base and a differentiated leaf blade; hence, there is a threshold in the differentiation of leaf sprouts. In the axil  of each growing scale, a small dormant bud was set. Thus, the  number of leaf organs on a shoot after unfolding was 10-15, while  the leaves of the middle formation did not exceed 3-5, and besides  only one growth period was observed in a majority of U. glabra  plants in their generative age state. Using U. glabra as an example, the performance of the threshold mechanism within the  genetic program of vegetative shoot development was demonstrated

Influence of ripening in mother solution on characteristics of magnesium-substituted calcium phosphate powders

Effect of ripening in the mother liquor on the degree of crystallinity and dispersity of mixed powders of calcium and magnesium phosphates is studied as a function of magnesium content with the elemental composition such that (Ca + Mg)/P = 2. Ripening is found to have a positive effect on crystallinity of the apatite phase of powders. Nanocrystals with lowered tendency to aggregation are formed during the ripening period, which affords the powders with specific surface area as high as 80 m2/g. The morphology of the constituent particles depends on the magnesium content. Crystallization processes are essentially completed by the 21st day of ripenin

Quasi-Two-Dimensional Dynamics of Plasmas and Fluids

In the lowest order of approximation quasi-twa-dimensional dynamics of planetary atmospheres and of plasmas in a magnetic field can be described by a common convective vortex equation, the Charney and Hasegawa-Mirna (CHM) equation. In contrast to the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation, the CHM equation admits "shielded vortex solutions" in a homogeneous limit and linear waves ("Rossby waves" in the planetary atmosphere and "drift waves" in plasmas) in the presence of inhomogeneity. Because of these properties, the nonlinear dynamics described by the CHM equation provide rich solutions which involve turbulent, coherent and wave behaviors. Bringing in non ideal effects such as resistivity makes the plasma equation significantly different from the atmospheric equation with such new effects as instability of the drift wave driven by the resistivity and density gradient. The model equation deviates from the CHM equation and becomes coupled with Maxwell equations. This article reviews the linear and nonlinear dynamics of the quasi-two-dimensional aspect of plasmas and planetary atmosphere starting from the introduction of the ideal model equation (CHM equation) and extending into the most recent progress in plasma turbulence.U. S. Department of Energy DE-FG05-80ET-53088Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of JapanFusion Research Cente

Informal education in the system of public administration in the conditions of the COVID19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine

The growing public demands on the activities of persons serving the public interest are particularly acute at the level of local government. In the context of significant transformational changes in the functioning of public administration (the public administration reform and local self-government reform), and a number of sectoral reforms (medical, educational, land reforms) in Ukraine, there is a strengthening of democratic foundations for activities of local self-government bodies, which is largely reflected in the introduction of various forms of active citizen participation in local self-government. On the other hand, the reform of local self-government revealed certain contradictions between the declared intentions and the results of decentralization of power. This contradiction is at the heart of the issue of division of powers and provision of adequate resources. This is especially acute in the health sector. Such inconsistencies make it difficult to fulfill the tasks, health care issues among them, for local self-government bodies including deputies of local councils as representatives of the interests of the territorial communities, voters in their constituencies