Influence of magnetic anisotropy on hysteresis behavior in the two-spin model of a ferro/antiferromagnet bilayer with exchange bias

The influence of magnetic anisotropy of a ferromagnetic film on the phenomenon of exchange bias is studied here. Hysteresis behavior in the two-spin model of a ferro/antiferromagnetic (FM/AFM) bilayer with exchange bias has been investigated in detail. In this model a half-space of an AFM with fixed magnetic configuration comes in contact with a two-layer FM film. Twelve different types of magnetization curves M(H) (both with and without hysteresis) have been found. Some of the M(H) curves demonstrate unusual features, such as plateaus and inclined segments. The hysteresis loop becomes asymmetric if surface anisotropy is taken into account

Mass spectrometry measurements of the lower atmosphere of Venus

Mass spectrometer experiments installed on the descent vehicles of the Venera-11 and the Venera-12 are described. Data on the chemical composition of the lower atmosphere of Venus is discussed with emphasis on the isotope state of the basic components (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen) and of the inert gases