Determining the efficiency and the level of innovative development in agriculture : the case of Kazakhstan

The purpose of this article is to calculate the integral effectiveness of the innovation activity of Kazakhstani agribusiness. The study helps to make a decision on the innovative development of agricultural production sectors and assess precisely the effectiveness of innovative projects. Moreover, the algorithm of the integrated process of making a decision on the financing of innovative projects in the agricultural sector as well as components of the integral effect of innovation activity in the agrarian sector were developed.peer-reviewe

The realization of binary opposition joy/sorrow in contemporary German fiction discourse

© 2015, Canadian Center of Science and Education. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the problems of comparative linguistics, namely the problem of “Joy” and “Sorrow” in the contemporary art discourse. The article deals with the lexemes “Joy”/“Sorrow”, representing the binary oppositions. The authors analyze emotive lexemes “Joy”/”Sorrow” based on the works of contemporary German literature, one of the sources of moral categories in human consciousness that provides data on a modern vision of concepts expressed by lexemes “Joy” and “Sorrow”. The authors in the article present the interpretation of lexemes in German and Russian, based on the data from representative dictionaries, German and Russian languages, and based on the analysis of artistic works by contemporary German writers cite examples from the original novels, and their Russian translation, it is a comparative analysis of the translations on semantic and linguistic grounds

Management of civil position’s formation of the student youth

© 2016, Econjournals. All rights reserved.The relevance of the study is reasoned by the change in relations between the state and civil society in the context of consolidation of many countries’ and communities’ efforts in the fight against terrorism. Modern society demands the training of specialists taking active part in the life activities of civil society. The article aims to find out the specifics of management of civil position’s formation of student youth. The leading approach to the study is a system approach, allowing considering of the management of civil position’s formation as a purposeful process. The article reveals the essence of civil positions; clarifies the managerial features of the civil position’s formation of student youth: The development of knowledge about civil society, rights, freedoms and responsibilities of citizens and the involvement of students on the rights of the entities in legal, moral and political, socio-economic relations for the development of civic actions’ ways, experience’s obtaining to form civil position and emotional-valuable attitude to it. The paper submissions can be useful for managers and teachers of educational institutions; employees of the centers for advanced training and retraining of personnel in the selection and structuring of the content for the training of scientific and pedagogical staff

A targeted sequencing reveal overlapping pattern of genetic variants in patients with cardiomyopathy with cardiac arrhythmias in Kazakhstan

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a common symptom in cardiac disorders of different etiology. Abnormalities of ion channels are attributed to mutations in the genes encoding the channel protein and cause altered function of channels, which can predispose to arrhythmias. Due to the high incidence of cardiovascular disorders in Kazakhstan, we enrolled a study cohort of 95 patients of different clinical phenotypes of cardiomyopathies, including DCM, idiopathic VT but also patients with myocardial infarction as a consequence of coronary heart disease. The common denominator among the three main groups was the occurrence of severe episodes of VT in all patients. Using targeted resequencing, we investigated 96 cardiomyopathy associated candidate-genes in this cohort with the aim to detect rare and common variations in these genes associated with VT molecular basi

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ АРХИТЕКТУРНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В РОССИИ И ЗА РУБЕЖОМ

The article deals with the organization features of architectural education in Russia, in comparison with Western European countries, the USA and Canada; and reveals the differences in organization and plan content. Russian architectural education has passed the same way in its development, as the architectural education in other countries: from craft-labor approach in training (X-XVII centuries) to the academic knowledge. Before the October revolution in 1917, the architectural education in Russia and all over the world was artistic and engineering. But after the October revolution, this division of higher school of architecture, existing in Western countries, has been lost; architectural education has become universal: combining artistic and technical, and independent, getting in specialized institutions. The universality of the Russian architectural education complicates its comparison with the architectural education abroad in terms of content. Modern Russian model of architectural education, as the continuation of the Soviet education, stands against the Anglo-American model, with full liberalization of the education sector, free from the state; the French model, with a fully government-regulated educational standard, and the German model, with strong research component. Besides the superficial differences in the training of architects in Russia and abroad, there are deep differences with social conditionality. These differences are determined by the roles of architects in Western society, which are wider than the functions of Russian architects; and other social order, other requirements, that Western society has for the erected buildings and structures.В статье рассматриваются особенности организации архитектурного образования в России по сравнению со странами Западной Европы, США и Канады, выявляются отличия организационного и содержательного плана. Российское архитектурное образование прошло в своем развитии тот же путь, что и архитектурное образование в других странах: от ремесленно-трудового подхода в подготовке специалистов (X-XVII вв.) до знаниево-академического. До Октябрьской революции 1917 г. архитектурное образование в России было представлено, как и во всем мире, художественным и инженерно-техническим. Но после Октябрьской революции такое разделение высшей архитектурной школы, существующее в западных странах и сейчас, было утрачено: архитектурное образование стало универсальным, объединяющим художественное и техническое, и автономным, получаемым в специализированных вузах. Универсальность российского архитектурного образования затрудняет его сравнение с архитектурным образованием за рубежом в содержательном плане. Современная российская модель архитектурного образования как продолжение советской противостоит англо-американской модели с полной либерализацией образовательной сферы и уходом из нее государства; французской модели с максимально государственно регламентированным образовательным стандартом и немецкой модели с ярко выраженным исследовательским компонентом. Содержательные отличия в подготовке архитекторов в России и за рубежом имеют социальную обусловленность. Эти различия определяются теми функциями, которые выполняют архитекторы в западном обществе и которые шире функций российских архитекторов, а также иным социальным заказом, иными требованиями, которые западное общество предъявляет к возводимым зданиям и сооружениям

Solidification of nitrate solutions with alkali-activated slag and slag-metakaolin cements

© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. The solidification of nitrate solutions with alkali-activated slag (AASC) and slag-metakaolin cements (AASMC) and the resulting setting times, compressive strengths, dimensional stability, water resistance, hydration products, microstructures, and macroporous network structures were evaluated. The influences of the alkali activator concentration, mineral composition of metakaolin, ratio of slag to slag + metakaolin, and concentration of NaNO3 on the cement performance were all evaluated in detail. The compressive strength of cemented nitrate solutions with AASC and AASMC aged for 28 days was from 13.4 to 42 MPa depending on the NaNO3 concentration. X-ray diffractometer, differential thermal analyzer, and electron microscope analyses suggested that NaNO3 crystallizes in cementitious matrices without reacting with the hydration products of AASC and AASMC. X-ray microtomography showed that the solidified NaNO3 solution with a salt concentration of 700 g/l and AASC had a denser microstructure without shrinkage microcracks, a smaller macropore volume, and smaller macropore sizes than hardened AASC-based paste mixed with water

Positive Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Tracking Patho-Adaptive Mutations Promoting Airways Chronic Infection

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can establish life-long chronic infections in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Persistent lifestyle is established with P. aeruginosa patho-adaptive variants, which are clonal with the initially-acquired strains. Several reports indicated that P. aeruginosa adapts by loss-of-function mutations which enhance fitness in CF airways and sustain its clonal expansion during chronic infection. To validate this model of P. aeruginosa adaptation to CF airways and to identify novel genes involved in this microevolution, we designed a novel approach of positive-selection screening by PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis (Pos-STM) in a murine model of chronic airways infection. A systematic positive-selection scheme using sequential rounds of in vivo screenings for bacterial maintenance, as opposed to elimination, generated a list of genes whose inactivation increased the colonization and persistence in chronic airways infection. The phenotypes associated to these Pos-STM mutations reflect alterations in diverse aspects of P. aeruginosa biology which include lack of swimming and twitching motility, lack of production of the virulence factors such as pyocyanin, biofilm formation, and metabolic functions. In addition, Pos-STM mutants showed altered invasion and stimulation of immune response when tested in human respiratory epithelial cells, indicating that P. aeruginosa is prone to revise the interaction with its host during persistent lifestyle. Finally, sequence analysis of Pos-STM genes in longitudinally P. aeruginosa isolates from CF patients identified signs of patho-adaptive mutations within the genome. This novel Pos-STM approach identified bacterial functions that can have important clinical implications for the persistent lifestyle and disease progression of the airway chronic infection

Caenorhabditis elegans Semi-Automated Liquid Screen Reveals a Specialized Role for the Chemotaxis Gene cheB2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes infections in a variety of animal and plant hosts. Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple model with which one can identify bacterial virulence genes. Previous studies with C. elegans have shown that depending on the growth medium, P. aeruginosa provokes different pathologies: slow or fast killing, lethal paralysis and red death. In this study, we developed a high-throughput semi-automated liquid-based assay such that an entire genome can readily be scanned for virulence genes in a short time period. We screened a 2,200-member STM mutant library generated in a cystic fibrosis airway P. aeruginosa isolate, TBCF10839. Twelve mutants were isolated each showing at least 70% attenuation in C. elegans killing. The selected mutants had insertions in regulatory genes, such as a histidine kinase sensor of two-component systems and a member of the AraC family, or in genes involved in adherence or chemotaxis. One mutant had an insertion in a cheB gene homologue, encoding a methylesterase involved in chemotaxis (CheB2). The cheB2 mutant was tested in a murine lung infection model and found to have a highly attenuated virulence. The cheB2 gene is part of the chemotactic gene cluster II, which was shown to be required for an optimal mobility in vitro. In P. aeruginosa, the main player in chemotaxis and mobility is the chemotactic gene cluster I, including cheB1. We show that, in contrast to the cheB2 mutant, a cheB1 mutant is not attenuated for virulence in C. elegans whereas in vitro motility and chemotaxis are severely impaired. We conclude that the virulence defect of the cheB2 mutant is not linked with a global motility defect but that instead the cheB2 gene is involved in a specific chemotactic response, which takes place during infection and is required for P. aeruginosa pathogenicity

Glucose Depletion in the Airway Surface Liquid Is Essential for Sterility of the Airways

Diabetes mellitus predisposes the host to bacterial infections. Moreover, hyperglycemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for respiratory infections. The luminal surface of airway epithelia is covered by a thin layer of airway surface liquid (ASL) and is normally sterile despite constant exposure to bacteria. The balance between bacterial growth and killing in the airway determines the outcome of exposure to inhaled or aspirated bacteria: infection or sterility. We hypothesized that restriction of carbon sources –including glucose– in the ASL is required for sterility of the lungs. We found that airway epithelia deplete glucose from the ASL via a novel mechanism involving polarized expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-10, intracellular glucose phosphorylation, and low relative paracellular glucose permeability in well-differentiated cultures of human airway epithelia and in segments of airway epithelia excised from human tracheas. Moreover, we found that increased glucose concentration in the ASL augments growth of P. aeruginosa in vitro and in the lungs of hyperglycemic ob/ob and db/db mice in vivo. In contrast, hyperglycemia had no effect on intrapulmonary bacterial growth of a P. aeruginosa mutant that is unable to utilize glucose as a carbon source. Our data suggest that depletion of glucose in the airway epithelial surface is a novel mechanism for innate immunity. This mechanism is important for sterility of the airways and has implications in hyperglycemia and conditions that result in disruption of the epithelial barrier in the lung