Structure of the Deformed 7075 Aircraft Al - Alloy with Material Analysis Using Diffraction (MAUD)

This work aims to study the effect of plastic deformation on the 7075 Al - alloy using Material Analyses Using Diffraction (MAUD). Plastic deformation produces dislocation defects. Using a hydraulic press, samples were deformed up to 25%. The XRD was measured for each degree of deformation. The MAUD program was used to analyze the data, and mathematical methods were deployed to understand the various behaviors observed. The lattice parameter, crystallite size, average internal stress, micro-strain, and dislocation density of the 7075Al-alloy were calculated. As the deformation degree increased, there was a progressive decline in the crystallite size as an increase in the micro-strain and dislocation density. The flow stress changes from 5.8 to 49 MPa and the stored dislocation energy varies from 2.62 to 185 kPa

Study of the Optical Properties of Zno Nano-structure at Different Ti Content

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and TZO samples having different Ti content were synthesized from doping to composite by Citrate sol-gel method (dissolving and react with citric acid) characterized according to their optical properties. The UV - vis characterization exhibiting good optical properties. The results show there are one absorption edge at pure and low Ti doping but at higher Ti% another edge appeared and slightly shifted around 400 nm. The maximum absorption nearly at 350 nm, and the band gap energy of Ti-doped ZnO increase from 3.16 to 3.20 eV achieving a blue-shift. A red shift from 3.07 to 3.19 eV in the visible range which has a very important application, this improves the optical properties of ZnO and gives an indication how to tune its band gap (increase or decrease by doping or composition)

Biochemical changes occurring during fermentation of camel milk by selected bacterial starter cultures

The biochemical changes in amino acids, water soluble vitamins, soluble sugars and organic acids occurring during fermentation (at 43°C for 6 h) of camel milk inoculated with Streptococcus thermophilus 37, Lactobacillus delbrueckii sub sp. bulgaricus CH2, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and mixed yogurt culture (S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus 1:1) were studied. Amino acids analysis revealed slight insignificant increase in alanine, leucine, histidine, lysine and argninie, while valine, methionine and tyrosine were slightly decreased. The fermentation process significantly decreased vitamin C contents, while it had no significant effect on riboflavin and thiamine content. Single as well as mixed culture fermentation resulted in decrease in lactose concentration with parallel increase in glucose and galactose. Organic acids analysis revealed the presence of lactic acid, formic acid and acetic acid, with yogurt culture showing the highest concentration of lactic acid, formic acid and acetic acid, while L. lactis showed lowest concentration.Key words: Camel milk, fermentation, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, sugars

Management of TB in the private sector in Khartoum, Sudan: quality and impact on TB control

IntroductionSudan has a large and growing private health sector. No survey was done in Sudan to show the extent of the use of private health care services by the population. Also precise data on tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment in the private sector are not available.Material and methodsA facility-based cross-sectional survey was carried out during February2007-June 2007 in Khartoum state, whereby consented private physicians working in the all private clinics (n=110) were interviewed.ResultsThis study showed that a large private sector exist in the country and deliver care to TB patients and reported the non-adherence of this sector to National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) guidelines. 59.1% of the interviewed physicians correctly mentioned the TB treatment regimens, only 8(12.3%) physicians that reported management of TB patients actually prescribed these regimens to their patients. Similarly, only 10(15.4%) physicians requested sputum smear examination for TBdiagnosis.ConclusionA considerable proportion of cases is inadequately managed by the private sector and is not notified to NTP. The information delivered by this study can be used to develop a workable Public-private mix (PPM) model with the private sector.Key words: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Salmonella spp. from Chicken purchased at Wad Madani City, Gezira State, Sudan

Background: Salmonella is a potential human pathogen that causes salmonellosis, a food-borne disease. Addressing these major food safety and public health issues with effective monitoring of food-borne pathogens and dietary measures.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the local markets of Alsug Alkabeer (AB), Alsug Ashabi (AK), and Alsug Alsageer (AS) sites in Wad Madani state, Sudan to detect and assess Salmonella infection in raw and cooked chicken samples.Results: The results showed that the maximum number of different Salmonella species was recovered from raw and cooked specimens of chicken obtained from AB, AK and AS which were 6.5, 4.4, and 4cfu/g, respectively. In addition, Salmonella spp. in the locally reared chicken is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of farm poultry. On the other hand, the highest Salmonella count was recorded in AS, AK and AB egg samples which were 5.9, 3.5, and 2.3cfu/g, respectively. Interestingly, eggs from local sources of chicken had significantly (p < 0.05) higher numbers of Salmonella spp. compared to those from farm sources. Six species of Salmonella were described, namely: Salmonella typhi, S. cheers, S. arizonae, S. enteritidis, S. pullorum, and S. gallinarum.Conclusion: High occurrence of Salmonella spp. in this study might be attributed to the low hygienic measures in the poultry retail markets during slaughtering and/or handling processes. Further studies are required and should be conducted within Gezira state to assess food safety.Keywords: Food-borne disease; Pathogens; Biochemical test; Contamination; Food safety; Microbial growth; Food poisonin

The Positron and Mechanical Parameters of a Cold-Worked Aluminum Alloy (3004) Using PALT, PADBT and HV

In the present work, the influence of plastic deformation on the properties of a 3004 Al-alloy was studied with different techniques. Crystallite size, dislocation density, defect density, micro-strain, and stored dislocation energy are presented and compared for different three techniques. Methodology: Many techniques for detecting defects have been developed, such as the positron annihilation lifetime technique (PALT), the positron annihilation Doppler broadening technique (PADBT), and the Vickers hardness test (HV). Implications: The positron mean lifetime value of a non-deformed sample is 173±4.8 ps, which increases until the thickness reduction reaches a 10% deformation then saturated at saturation trapping of the positron in defect states with a mean of 221±5 ps. At an S-parameter of 0.3709±0.0031, a W-parameter of 0.5885±0.0057 was obtained at zero deformation: this decreases until saturation at 10% deformation. Findings: A good correlation between the three techniques is observed for mean crystallite size. A good correlation was also noted between PALT and PADBT from 0 to 10% thickness reduction. HV has good correlations with PALT and PADBT from 0 to 6% thickness reduction: then a clear difference was found from 6 to 15% thickness reduction. Originality: such results confirm the fact that the used technique can effects on the obtained results in some limitations. © 2021 Ahmed Mostafa et al., published by De Gruyter

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF DOMPERIDONE SUBLINGUAL TABLETS

Objective: The aim of this work was to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble, anti-emetic drug; domperidone (DMP) having a poor oral bioavailability (13-17%) due to extensive first pass metabolism. The goal of this study was achieved through solubilization of DMP using solid dispersion technology followed by incorporation of solid dispersions into sublingual tablets to bypass pre-systemic metabolism.Methods: Solid dispersions of DMP with Pluronic F-68 were prepared in different weight ratios by fusion method and they were evaluated for their in vitro dissolution rate to select the best ratio for final formulation. Then, solid dispersions were formulated into sublingual tablets in combination with various soluble excipients. Sublingual tablets were prepared by direct compression technique and evaluated for their physical properties, in vitro dissolution rate and kinetics of drug release. The best formulae were selected for in vivo studies in rabbits in comparison with marketed oral tablets; Motinorm®.Results: Solid dispersions of DMP with Pluronic F-68 in a weight ratio of 1:7 (w/w) showed the highest dissolution rate and were selected for sublingual tablets formulation. Sublingual tablets formulae S16 (containing Fructose and 10% w/w Ac-Di-Sol) and S20 (containing Fructose and 10% w/w Explotab) showed the best results and were selected for in vivo studies in rabbits. The selected formulae showed marked enhancement of DMP bioavailability compared with the commercial oral tablets; Motinorm®, with relative bioavailability values of 432.49±10.13% and 409.32±11.59 % for S16 and S20, respectively.Conclusion: The results confirmed that sublingual tablets were an effective tool for DMP delivery with marked enhancement of bioavailability.Keywords: Domperidone, Solubility, Solid dispersions, Sublingual tablets, First-pass metabolism, Bioavailabilit

ASSOCIATION OF OBESITY WITH RS1421085 AND RS9939609 POLYMORPHISMS OF FTO GENE WITH T2DM IN EGYPTIAN FEMALES

Objective: Obesity has been described as a worldwide increasing health problem and risk factor of various disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). So, our study aim to determine of common variants of fat mass and obesity associated gene polymorphisms rs1421085 and rs 9939609; confers risk of obesity and type 2 diabetic mellitus in Egyptian females.Methods: In this population rs1421085 and rs9939609 polymorphisms of fat mass and obesity (FTO) gene were genotyped in 105 obese patients and 100 healthy controls with ages 14-60 y were collected from Medicine Specialized Hospital, Mansoura University, Egypt during the period between Jul.-Oct. 2016, genotyping of SNPs was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay, fasting blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) lipid profile was determined.Results: There was the significantly higher frequency of the AA compared to controls p=0.0001) of genotypers9939609. Also, cases have shown a significantly higher frequency of the C allele, p&lt;0.00001) of rs1421085 genotype polymorphisms increased the risks of obesity. On the other hand, there were no significant correlations between genotypes and obesity-related (anthropometric body composition) parameters. Only the fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in the TA p=0.004).Conclusion: The FTO rs9939609 and rs1421085 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was associated with increased risk of obesity in type 2 diabetic populations on Egyptian females

AUTECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF HANDAL (Citrullus coloynthsis L.) DESERT PLANT

The present study was carried out in the desert valley (wadi) Abu Salam (63 Km.) east of Berber city, RiverNileState, and in the nursery of the Faculty of Agriculture, NileValleyUniversity. The autecology and biology of major desert specie, Handal (Citrullus coloynthsis), were studied. The study area (Wadi Abu Salam) was divided into three sections; upper, middle and lower. The soil was classified as sodic soil and contained a high percentage of clay in the upper section, equal percentage of clay and sand in the middle section and high percentage of sand in the lower section. The distribution of Handal plant in the wadi area was investigated. In the first season, it was only detected in the middle section (0.60-0.72 plants/m2). In the second season, the plant was distributed in the three sections of the wadi (1.46-1.66 plants/m2 for the upper section, 0.27-0.49 plants/m2 for the middle section and 0.3-0.4 plants/m2 for the lower sections).The rate of photosynthesis increased during the first stage of growth to reach its maximum (2.2-2.34 gm/day) during the 8th week from the start of germination, then started to decline till it reached its minimum rate (0.10-0.12 gm/day) at the maturity stage in both seasons. Plant roots growth started at a low rate, then, increased with plant development and became equal after 7 weeks from germination. After that, it decreased until it reached its lowest rate at the stage of maturity

Sudan Federal Ministry of Health. 3. World Health Organization, Khartoum, Sudan 4. Sudan Federal Ministry of Health. 5. World Health Organization

Abstract: Introduction Sudan has a large and growing private health sector. No survey was done in Sudan to show the extent of the use of private health care services by the population. Also precise data on tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment in the private sector are not available. Material and methods A facility-based cross-sectional survey was carried out during February2007-June 2007 in Khartoum state, whereby consented private physicians working in the all private clinics (n=110) were interviewed. Results This study showed that a large private sector exist in the country and deliver care to TB patients and reported the non-adherence of this sector to National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) guidelines. 59.1% of the interviewed physicians correctly mentioned the TB treatment regimens, only 8(12.3%) physicians that reported management of TB patients actually prescribed these regimens to their patients. Similarly, only 10(15.4%) physicians requested sputum smear examination for TB diagnosis. Conclusion A considerable proportion of cases is inadequately managed by the private sector and is not notified to NTP. The information delivered by this study can be used to develop a workable Public-private mix (PPM) model with the private sector