Asetosilasi Terpentin Indonesia Menggunakan Katalis Asam Sulfat

Indonesia is the third largest producer of turpentine in the world. Turpentine is one of the essential oils whose main component is alpha pinene. If the alpha pinhed is treated with acetic acid using a sulfuric acid catalyst an ester is produced. From the GCMS results detected some ester compounds formed such as bornyl acetate, fenchyl acetate and terpinyl acetate. The purpose of this study was to study the process of reaction of turpentine acetosilation with acetic acid using sulfuric acid catalyst. The assosylation reaction is run for 180 minutes at various temperatures. Samples were taken every 30 minutes to be analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). From the analysis results obtained at minute 30 to minute to 180memberikan alpha pinene conversion which tend to be constant for each isothermal condition. The experiments were carried out at a temperature range of 45oC - 75oC. Conversion of alpha pinene increases as the reaction temperature increases and the number of catalysts increases. Maximum conversion achieved is 61% which occurs at reaction temperature 75oC and alpha pinene ratio: acetic acid: sulfuric acid of 1 : 1: 0.06

Endogenous Fibrinolysis : An Important Mediator of Thrombus Formation and Cardiovascular Risk

© 2015 BY THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY FOUNDATION. PUBLISHED BY ELSEVIER INC.Most acute cardiovascular events are attributable to arterial thrombosis. Plaque rupture or erosion stimulates platelet activation, aggregation, and thrombosis, whilst simultaneously activating enzymatic processes that mediate endogenous fibrinolysis to physiologically maintain vessel patency. Interplay between these pathways determines clinical outcome. If proaggregatory factors predominate, the thrombus may propagate, leading to vessel occlusion. However, if balanced by a healthy fibrinolytic system, thrombosis may not occur or cause lasting occlusion. Despite abundant evidence for the fibrinolytic system regulating thrombosis, it has been overlooked compared with platelet reactivity, partly due to a lack of techniques to measure it. We evaluate evidence for endogenous fibrinolysis in arterial thrombosis and review techniques to assess it, including biomarkers and global assays, such as thromboelastography and the Global Thrombosis Test. Global assays, simultaneously assessing proaggregatory and fibrinolytic pathways, could play a role in risk stratification and in identifying impaired fibrinolysis as a potential target for pharmacological modulation.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

An econophysics approach to analyse uncertainty in financial markets: an application to the Portuguese stock market

In recent years there has been a closer interrelationship between several scientific areas trying to obtain a more realistic and rich explanation of the natural and social phenomena. Among these it should be emphasized the increasing interrelationship between physics and financial theory. In this field the analysis of uncertainty, which is crucial in financial analysis, can be made using measures of physics statistics and information theory, namely the Shannon entropy. One advantage of this approach is that the entropy is a more general measure than the variance, since it accounts for higher order moments of a probability distribution function. An empirical application was made using data collected from the Portuguese Stock Market.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, presented in the conference Next Sigma-Phi 200

Kewenangan Pemerintah Provinsi Bali dalam Penyelenggaraan Penanaman Modal Berdasarkan Undang-undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 Tentang Penanaman Modal

Licensing is one of the fundamental problems in the administration of the licensing applicant investment in Indonesia . Licensing is one of the very important first step in starting a business activity which is a testament to the legality of an otherwise legitimate business activities or the permissibility of a person or legal entity to conduct business activities . With the enactment of Law No. 25 of 2007 on Investment has shown that the character of a paradigmatic shift in the organization of centralized to decentralized investment in Indonesia , with the authority given to the Government of Blood to organize affairs in the administration of Investment mandatory . Especially with the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 27 Year 2009 on One Stop Services in the Field of Investment , is expected to provide legal certainty to investors who want to invest in an area designated by the legislation in force . The Province of Bali has established Investment and Licensing Agency Bali Province as Provincial Tool to Investment ( PDPPM ) , which has been granted delegation of authority from the Governor of Bali to host Investment in accordance with the authority granted by the laws and existing undnagan . However, there are shortcomings in the regulation of the Governor of Bali Delegation Authority in the Field Licensing and Nonperizinan To the Head of Investment and Licensing province of Bali , which does not include the authority to issue permissions to Investment based on legislation in the field of investment , so that in case PDPPM this as an institution in Bali province can not provide legal certainty associated with the licensing application filed by investors in doing business in Bali Province in accordance with the issuance authority

Adjunctive therapies to reduce thrombotic events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction : role of vorapaxar

© 2015 Farag et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) LicenseAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) is generally attributed to coronary atherothrombotic disease. Platelet activation is essential for thrombus formation and is thus an important target for pharmacological intervention to prevent and treat AMI. Despite contemporary treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy, including acetylsalicylic acid and adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists, patients with prior AMI remain at increased risk of future thrombotic events. This has stimulated the search for more potent antithrombotic agents. Among these is the oral protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist vorapaxar, which represents a new oral antiplatelet agent to reduce thrombotic risk in patients with atherothrombotic disease. The TRACER and the TRA 2°P-TIMI 50 trials concluded that vorapaxar in addition to standard therapy reduced ischemic adverse cardiac events. A remarkable benefit was observed in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease, particularly those with a previous history of AMI. Although favorable effects were seen in reduction of adverse cardiac events, this was associated with excess major and intracranial bleeding, particularly in patients at high risk of bleeding and those with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Currently, the lack of a reliable individualized risk stratification tool to assess patients for thrombotic and bleeding tendencies in order to identify those who might gain most net clinical benefit has led to limited use of vorapaxar in clinical practice. Vorapaxar may find a niche as an adjunct to standard care in patients at high risk of thrombotic events and who are at low risk of bleeding.Peer reviewe

Nitrates for the Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes, A Systematic Review

© The Author(s) 2016Intravenous nitrates are widely used in the management of acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) yet with lack of robust evidence to support their use. We therefore sought to analyze all randomized studies that evaluated the effects of nitrates on clinical outcomes in patients with AHFS. In total, 15 relevant trials comparing nitrates and alternative interventions in 1824 patients were identified. All but 3 were conducted before 1998. No trials demonstrated a beneficial effect on mortality, apart from 1 trial reporting a reduction in mortality, which was related to the time of treatment. Retrospective review suggests that there is a lack of data to draw any firm conclusions concerning the use of nitrates in patients with AHFS. More studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these agents in the modern era of guideline-directed use of heart failure therapy.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio