Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

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Analytical modelling of milling for tool design and selection

Jun

Analytical simulation of milling : influence of tool geometry on cutting forces

June 17-2

Evapotranspiration of a declining Quercus robur (L.) stand from 1999 to 2001. I. Trees and forest floor daily transpiration

Water use of a Quercus robur ( L.) declining stand was estimated from 1999 to 2001 by measuring independently tree canopy and herb layer transpiration. Two plots differing in density were compared. Oak daily sap flux density kinetic is well synchronised with potential evapotranspiration ( PET) daily time course. Despite differences in density, stand structure and LAI spatial organisation, oak transpiration (T, mm d(-1)) is quite the same between plots. The declining trees are very responsive to the PET fluctuations, but their daily response is low (T <= 1 mm d(-1); T/PET < 0.3). A combination of soil constraints and low, disorganised LAI could induce this low transpiration capability. According to its phenology, density and the above canopy closure, the herbaceous layer contributes to at least the same but often more water consumption than the oak (up to 2.9 mm d(-1)). Therefore it cannot be neglected in water balance calculations

Evapotranspiration of a declining Quercus robur (L.) stand from 1999 to 2001. II. Daily actual evapotranspiration and soil water reserve

The components of actual evapotranspiration (ET) - interception (In%), tree transpiration (T) and forest floor ET - were measured from 1999 to 2001 in a mixed stand dominated by declining pedunculate oaks. Sap flux density measurements (oaks and maple) and forest floor ET [38] were extrapolated to season and stand scales by regressions with potential evapotranspiration (PET) and leaf area index (ET/ PET: 0.75 - 1.23). Oak transpiration (21 - 38% of stand transpiration) is lower than forest floor ET: forest floor can therefore not be neglected in this stand water balance. The soil water reserve dynamics deduced from those measurements reflects the inter- annual changes of water use. No water stress have been calculated on the 1999 - 2001 period, but it is suspected to have occurred previously; together with soil constraints and caterpillar defoliation, it could in part explain the severe oak decline symptoms