Arterial stiffness assessment in Tanzania by pulse wave velocity: a case-control study of HIV-infected cohort.

The expansion of HIV epidemic and scaling up of antiretroviral therapy in developing countries raise a concern for the development of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients living in those areas. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a non-invasive and objective measure of arterial wall elasticity. Arterial stiffness measures vascular damage secondary to ageing, hypertension and inflammation of the vascular wall. An elevated PWV has been established as an indicator of CVD

Cyclin D1 and D3 overexpression predicts malignant behavior in thyroid fine-needle aspirates suspicious for Hurtle cell neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples that feature a follicular-patterned, monotonous Hurthle (oncocytic) cell population cannot be diagnosed reliably. The authors of this report recently identified cyclin D3 overexpression on histologic sections of Hurthle cell carcinoma. In this study, they assessed the diagnostic value of cyclin D3 immunohistochemistry added to routine cytology. METHODS: Fifty-one FNA samples that were suspicious for Hurtle cell neoplasia and that had histologic follow-up (19 malignant cases) were examined. Cyclin D3 expression levels were evaluated in cell block preparations and were compared with levels of the closely related cyclin D1 protein. RESULTS: Greater than 25% positive cells were used as the cutoff point, as suggested by previous studies. Cyclin D1 and cyclin D3 were highly specific (100% for both) and fairly accurate (75% and 92%, respectively) in distinguishing between benign and malignant oncocytic lesions; the positive predictive value (PPV) for each was 100%. However, both cyclins D1 and D3 had low sensitivity (32% and 79%, respectively) and low negative predictive value (NPV) (71% and 89%, respectively). In contrast, by adopting balanced receiver operating characteristic-derived positive cutoff values, cyclin D1 (>or=6.5%) and cyclin D3 (>or=7.5%) were found to be highly sensitive (100% for both) and accurate (90% and 94%, respectively); and the NPV was 100% for both. In contrast, cyclins D1 and D3 had low specificity (84% and 91%, respectively) and a low PPV (79% and 86%, respectively); however, these values improved in samples that were positive for both cyclins (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 94%; PPV, 90%; NPV, 100%; and accuracy, 96%). CONCLUSIONS: Cyclin D3 increased the suspicion of malignancy in indeterminate oncocytic lesions; its diagnostic performance depended on the cutoff point used and was enhanced further when combined with cyclin D1

Exercise Causes Muscle GLUT4 Translocation in an Insulin-Independent Manner

Glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is dependent on the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. The most important stimulators of glucose transport in skeletal muscle are insulin and exercise. Glucose uptake in skeletal muscle during exercise induces acceleration of many processes compared to the resting state. The scientific literature does not underline the role played by muscle contraction to increase glucose uptake with insulin-independent mechanisms. Search on Pub Med (May 05, 2015) using the key words "contraction and glucose uptake and muscle" gives 717 reports, while a search using the key words "insulin and glucose uptake and muscle" cites 5676 publications. The present paper describes the role of exercise in the muscle glucose uptake. Contraction of muscle induces GLUT4 translocation in the absence of insulin. There are different intracellular "pools" of GLUT4, one stimulated by insulin and another one stimulated by exercise. The roles exerted by AMPK, AICAR, calcium, NO, glycogen and hypoxia in the glucose uptake during exercise are emphasized. The effects of these phenomena on human wellness are reported