74 research outputs found
Lâagenciarisation de la politique dâimmigration et dâasile face aux enjeux de la « crise des rĂ©fugiĂ©s » en MĂ©diterranĂ©e
Sous lâeffet de la combinaison inĂ©dite de facteurs politiques, Ă©conomiques et sociaux, la MĂ©diterranĂ©e est de ces lieux oĂč lâhistoire sâest, au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, emballĂ©e. Câest dans ce contexte que la « mer du milieu » est devenue lâĂ©picentre de ce que lâon dĂ©signe par la formule trĂšs approximative de « crise des migrants ». Ces mouvements telluriques nâen sont probablement quâĂ leurs prĂ©mices. La force dâĂ©vocation nĂ©gative du syntagme suffit pourtant Ă Ă©clairer la mise en tension de lâUnion et des Ătats qui la constituent. ConfrontĂ©e Ă un dĂ©fi dont on mesure quâil met Ă lâĂ©preuve lâunitĂ© mĂȘme de lâUnion, celle-ci a fait le choix, somme toute classique, de la novation institutionnelle. Pour anticiper, canaliser et gĂ©rer ces flux humains, elle sâest dotĂ©e en 2004 de Frontex, devenue lâAgence europĂ©enne de gardes-frontiĂšres et gardes-cĂŽtes. Cette Ă©volution est la dĂ©clinaison dans le domaine migratoire dâune dynamique dont lâobjet est de moderniser lâaction publique afin dâen renforcer, dit-on, lâefficacitĂ©. On entre ainsi dans un monde oĂč la qualitĂ© des institutions sâapprĂ©cie Ă lâaune de leur « performance » sans ĂȘtre certain que leur aptitude Ă respecter les droits fondamentaux compte au nombre des indicateurs pertinents. Au fond, la question est posĂ©e de savoir si lâUnion est parvenue Ă trouver un point dâĂ©quilibre acceptable par lâensemble de ses membres entre les impĂ©ratifs de sauvegarde inhĂ©rents Ă sa qualitĂ© mĂȘme dâespace dĂ©mocratique et lâattractivitĂ© dâun Ă©den que les damnĂ©s de la terre sont prĂȘts Ă rejoindre quoi quâil en coĂ»te. Sâaffranchissant des analyses exclusivement disciplinaires, cet ouvrage nous fait pĂ©nĂ©trer au cĆur des contradictions qui minent le processus dâagenciarisation apprĂ©hendĂ© au prisme de la « crise des migrants en MĂ©diterranĂ©e »
Systematisation of spatial uncertainties for comparison between a MR and a CT-based radiotherapy workflow for prostate treatments
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In the present work we compared the spatial uncertainties associated with a MR-based workflow for external radiotherapy of prostate cancer to a standard CT-based workflow. The MR-based workflow relies on target definition and patient positioning based on MR imaging. A solution for patient transport between the MR scanner and the treatment units has been developed. For the CT-based workflow, the target is defined on a MR series but then transferred to a CT study through image registration before treatment planning, and a patient positioning using portal imaging and fiducial markers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An "open bore" 1.5T MRI scanner, Siemens Espree, has been installed in the radiotherapy department in near proximity to a treatment unit to enable patient transport between the two installations, and hence use the MRI for patient positioning. The spatial uncertainty caused by the transport was added to the uncertainty originating from the target definition process, estimated through a review of the scientific literature. The uncertainty in the CT-based workflow was estimated through a literature review.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The systematic uncertainties, affecting all treatment fractions, are reduced from 3-4 mm (1Sd) with a CT based workflow to 2-3 mm with a MR based workflow. The main contributing factor to this improvement is the exclusion of registration between MR and CT in the planning phase of the treatment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Treatment planning directly on MR images reduce the spatial uncertainty for prostate treatments.</p
UNC45A deficiency causes microvillus inclusion diseaseâlike phenotype by impairing myosin VBâdependent apical trafficking
International audienceVariants in the UNC45A cochaperone have been recently associated with a syndrome combining diarrhea, cholestasis, deafness, and bone fragility. Yet the mechanism underlying intestinal failure in UNC45A deficiency remains unclear. Here, biallelic variants in UNC45A were identified by next-generation sequencing in 6 patients with congenital diarrhea. Corroborating in silico prediction, variants either abolished UNC45A expression or altered protein conformation. Myosin VB was identified by mass spectrometry as client of the UNC45A chaperone and was found misfolded in UNC45A(KO) Caco-2 cells. In keeping with impaired myosin VB function, UNC45A(KO) Caco-2 cells showed abnormal epithelial morphogenesis that was restored by full-length UNC45A, but not by mutant alleles. Patients and UNC45A(KO) 3D organoids displayed altered luminal development and microvillus inclusions, while 2D cultures revealed Rab11 and apical transporter mislocalization as well as sparse and disorganized microvilli. All those features resembled the subcellular abnormalities observed in duodenal biopsies from patients with microvillus inclusion disease. Finally, microvillus inclusions and shortened microvilli were evidenced in enterocytes from unc45a-deficient zebrafish. Taken together, our results provide evidence that UNC45A plays an essential role in epithelial morphogenesis through its cochaperone function of myosin VB and that UNC45A loss causes a variant of microvillus inclusion disease
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