Study of Defensive and Coping Behaviour of Teachers of Inclusive Professional Education

The specificity of defensive and coping behavior of teachers in inclusive education is discussed. In the theoretical analysis, particular attention is paid to the requirements of inclusive practice to the personality and work of the teacher. A review of studies on the problem of the correlation of constructs “psychological defence,” “coping,” “defensive coping behaviour” is made. The empirical study confirmed the hypothesis of the existence of differences in the structure of defensive and coping behaviour of teachers of vocational education with varying degrees of inclusion in inclusive practice. It is found that differences relate primarily to the nature of the relationship of components of defensive and coping behaviour. Non-inclusive college teachers demonstrate more continuous and coherent structure, while teachers who are actively involved in inclusive professional education demonstrate the independent functioning of individual psychological protection. Comparative analysis showed significantly higher values according to the mechanisms of “distraction,” “search of social support” and “escape from a stressful situation” of teachers not included in the field of inclusive education. It is concluded that teachers working with the disabled, use unconscious mechanisms of defence, while teachers who do not work with them use conscious strategies of escape from the problem situation. The results of the study are characterized by novelty, since to date the empirical research on the activities of the teacher in inclusive education is insufficient and there are no studies of the specificity of defensive and coping behaviour

Uncertainty in the Representation of Orography in Weather and Climate Models and Implications for Parameterized Drag

The representation of orographic drag remains a major source of uncertainty for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. Its accuracy depends on contributions from both the model grid‐scale orography (GSO) and the subgrid‐scale orography (SSO). Different models use different source orography datasets and different methodologies to derive these orography fields. This study presents the first comparison of orography fields across several operational global NWP models. It also investigates the sensitivity of an orographic drag parameterisation to the inter‐model spread in SSO fields and the resulting implications for representing the northern hemisphere winter circulation in a NWP model. The inter‐model spread in both the GSO and the SSO fields is found to be considerable. This is due to differences in the underlying source dataset employed and in the manner in which this dataset is processed (in particular how it is smoothed and interpolated) to generate the model fields. The sensitivity of parameterised orographic drag to the inter‐model variability in SSO fields is shown to be considerable and dominated by the influence of two SSO fields: the standard deviation and the mean gradient of the SSO. NWP model sensitivity experiments demonstrate that the inter‐model spread in these fields is of first‐order importance to the inter‐model spread in parameterised surface stress, and to current known systematic model biases. The revealed importance of the SSO fields supports careful reconsideration of how these fields are generated, guiding future development of orographic drag parameterisations and re‐evaluation of the resolved impacts of orography on the flow

Individual Dose Calculations with Use of the Revised Techa River Dosimetry System TRDS-2009D

An updated deterministic version of the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS-2009D) has been developed to estimate individual doses from external exposure and intake of radionuclides for residents living on the Techa River contaminated as a result of radioactive releases from the Mayak plutonium facility in 1949–1956. The TRDS-2009D is designed as a flexible system that uses, depending on the input data for an individual, various elements of system databases to provide the dosimetric variables requested by the user. Several phases are included in the computation schedule. The first phase includes calculations with use of a common protocol for all cohort members based on village-average-intake functions and external dose rates; individual data on age, gender and history of residence are included in the first phase. This phase results in dose estimates similar to those obtained with system TRDS-2000 used previously to derive risks of health effects in the Techa River Cohort. The second phase includes refinement of individual internal doses for those persons who have had body-burden measurements or exposure parameters specific to the household where he/she lived on the Techa River. The third phase includes summation of individual doses from environmental exposure and from radiological examinations. The results of TRDS-2009D dose calculations have demonstrated for the ETRC members on average a moderate increase in RBM dose estimates (34%) and a minor increase (5%) in estimates of stomach dose. The calculations for the members of the ETROC indicated similar small changes for stomach, but significant increase in RBM doses (400%). Individual-dose assessments performed with use of TRDS-2009D have been provided to epidemiologists for exploratory risk analysis in the ETRC and ETROC. These data provide an opportunity to evaluate the possible impact on radiogenic risk of such factors as confounding exposure (environmental and medical), changes in the Techa River source-term data and the change of the approach to individual internal dose estimation (90Sr-body burden measurements and family correlations vs. village averages). Our further plan is to upgrade the TRDS-2009D and to complete a stochastic version of the dosimetry system

Методологический подход к разработке дозиметрических моделей скелета человека для бета-излучающих радионуклидов

Objective of the study: to develop a skeleton model for assessing red bone marrow dose from osteotropic beta-emitting radionuclides. This article describes the modeling methodology which takes into account the individual variability of the macro- and microstructure of bone tissue.Materials and methods: it is proposed to model bone sites with active hematopoiesis by dividing them into small segments described by simple geometric shapes. Spongiosa, which fills the segments, is modeled as an isotropic three-dimensional grid (carcass) of rod-like trabeculae that “run through” the bone marrow. In the process of randomization, multiple carcass deformations are simulated by changing the positions of the grid nodes and the thickness of the rods. Model grid parameters are selected in accordance with the parameters of spongiosa microstructures taken from the published papers. Stochastic modeling of radiation transport in heterogeneous environments simulating distribution of bone tissue and marrow in each of the segments is performed by Monte Carlo method. The model output for the lumbar vertebra is given as an example. The generated vertebral model allowed us to obtain the dosimetric characteristics of bone marrow irradiation, which are comparable to the results obtained with ICRP model developed based on the data of micro-images of bone structures. For the first time ever confidence intervals of dosimetric characteristics associated with individual variability of bone structure were evaluated. The developed methodology for the calculation of doses absorbed in the bone marrow from osteotropic radionuclides does not require additional studies of autopsy material. The obtained results will be used to calculate individual doses in a cohort of Techa riverside residents who were exposed due to Techa River contamination as a result of liquid radioactive waste discharges by the Mayak Production Association.Цель исследования: разработка модели скелета для оценки дозы на красный костный мозг от остеотропных бета-излучающих радионуклидов. В настоящей статье представлено описание методологии моделирования, в которой учитывается индивидуальная вариабельность макро- и микроструктуры костной ткани.Материалы и методы: предлагается моделировать участки скелета с активным гемопоэзом путём их разбиения на небольшие сегменты, описываемые простыми геометрическими фигурами. Заполняющая сегменты спонгиоза моделируется как изотропная (пространственно-однородная) трёхмерная решётка (каркас) из стержнеобразных трабекул, «пронизывающих» костный мозг. В процессе моделирования каркас деформируется путём случайного изменения положений узлов решётки, также меняются и толщины стержней. Параметры модельной решётки выбираются в соответствии с параметрами микроструктуры спонгиозы, взятыми из литературы. Стохастическое моделирование транспорта излучений в гетерогенных средах, имитирующих распределение костной ткани и костного мозга внутри каждого из сегментов, осуществляется методом Монте-Карло. В качестве примера показаны результаты расчетов для поясничного позвонка. Сгенерированная модель позвонка позволила получить дозиметрические характеристики облучения костного мозга, значения которых сопоставимы с результатами расчётов по модели МКРЗ, основанной на данных микроизображений костных структур. Впервые были оценены доверительные интервалы дозиметрических характеристик, связанные с индивидуальной изменчивостью строения кости. Разработанная методология для расчета поглощенных в костном мозге доз от остеотропных радионуклидов не требует дополнительных исследований аутопсийного материала. Полученные результаты будут использованы для расчёта индивидуальных доз в когорте облучённых жителей прибрежных сёл реки Теча, загрязнённой в результате сбросов жидких радиоактивных отходов производственным объединением «Маяк»

Composition and evolution of the melts erupted in 1996 at Karymskoe Lake, Eastern Kamchatka: Evidence from inclusions in minerals

The powerful eruption in the Akademii Nauk caldera on January 2, 1996, marked a new activity phase of Karymsky volcano and became a noticeable event in the history of modern volcanism in Kamchatka. The paper reports data obtained by studying more than 200 glassy melt inclusions in phenocrysts of olivine (Fo82–72), plagioclase (An92–73), and clinopyroxene (Mg# 83–70) in basalts of the 1996 eruption. The data were utilized to estimate the composition of the parental melt and the physicochemical parameters of the magma evolution. According to our data, the parental melt corresponded to low magnesian, highly aluminous basalt (SiO2 = 50.2 wt %, MgO = 5.6 wt %, Al2O3 = 17 wt %) of the mildly potassic type (K2O = 0.56 wt %) and contained much dissolved volatile components (H2O = 2.8 wt %, S = 0.17 wt %, and Cl = 0.11 wt %). Melt inclusions in the minerals are similar in chemical composition, a fact testifying that the minerals crystallized simultaneously with one another. Their crystallization started at a pressure of approximately 1.5 kbar, pro ceeded within a narrow temperature range of 1040 ± 20°C, and continued until a nearsurface pressure of approximately 100 bar was reached. The degree of crystallization of the parental melt during its eruption was close to 55%. Massive crystallization was triggered by H2O degassing under a pressure of less than 1 kbar. Magma degassing in an open system resulted in the escape of 82% H2O, 93% S, and 24% Cl (of their initial contents in the parental melt) to the fluid phase. The release of volatile compounds to the atmosphere during the eruption that lasted for 18 h was estimated at 1.7 × 106 t H2O, 1.4 × 105 t S, and 1.5 × 104 t Cl. The concen trations of most incompatible trace elements in the melt inclusions are close to those in the rocks and to the expected fractional differentiation trend. Melt inclusions in the plagioclase were found to be selectively enriched in Li. The Lienriched plagioclase with melt inclusions thought to originate from cumulate layers in the feeding system beneath Karymsky volcano, in which plagioclase interacted with Lirich melts/brines and was subsequently entrapped and entrained by the magma during the 1996 eruption

Izloženost genotoksičnim agensima iz životnog okoliša tijekom prenatalnog razvoja i djetinjstva

Health disorders and diseases related to environmental exposure in children such as cancer and immunologic disturbances (asthma, allergies) are on the rise. However, complex transplacental and prepubertal genotoxicology is given very limited consideration, even though intrauterine development and early childhood may be critical for elucidating the cancer aetiology. The foetus is transplacentally exposed to contaminants in food and environment such as various chemicals, drugs, radiochemically contaminated water and air. Target organs of xenobiotic action may differ between the mother and the foetus due to specific stage of developmental physiology and enzyme distribution. This in turn may lead to different levels of clastogenic and aneugenic metabolites of the same xenobiotic in the mother and the foetus. Adult’s protective behaviour is not sufficient to isolate children from radioisotopes, pesticides, toxic metals and metalloids, environmental tobacco smoke, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and various food contaminants, which are just a part of the stressors present in a polluted environment. In order to improve legislation related to foetus and child exposure to genotoxic and possibly carcinogenic agents, oncologists, paediatricians, environmental health specialists, and genotoxicologists should work together much more closely to make a more effective use of accumulated scientific data, with the final aim to lower cancer incidence and mortality.Unatoč velikim naporima da se smanji okolišna izloženost u djece se dalje bilježi trend porasta pojavnosti karcinoma i imunosnih poremećaja (astma, alergije). Premda su intrauterini razvoj i rano djetinjstvo kritično razdoblje za tumačenje etiologije nastanka karcinoma, transplacentalna i prepubertetna genotoksikologija do danas su slabo istražene. Fetus je transplacentalno izložen brojnim fizikalnim i kemijskim čimbenicima: kontaminantima iz hrane i okoliša, radiokemijski kontaminiranoj vodi, zraku te lijekovima. Ciljna tkiva za djelovanje ksenobiotika mogu biti različita u majke i fetusa zbog različitosti u razvojnoj fiziologiji i distribuciji enzima. Zbog toga u organizmu majke i fetusa mogu nastati različite razine klastogenih i aneugenih metabolita istog ksenobiotika. Zaštitna uloga odraslih u namjeri da spriječe negativne utjecaje onečišćenog okoliša na djetetovo zdravlje često je ograničena jer su radioizotopi, olovo, PCB, pasivno pušenje, živa, endokrino aktivne tvari, pesticidi i kontaminanti prisutni u svim životnim područjima tijekom razvoja i rasta djeteta. Kako bi se poboljšalo zakonodavstvo vezano uz izloženost djece genotoksičnim i vjerojatno kancerogenim tvarima, tijekom razvoja potrebna je bolja suradnja onkologa, pedijatara, stručnjaka zdravstvene ekologije i genotoksikologa. Na taj način ostvarilo bi se uspješnije iskorištavanje postojećih znanstvenih podataka u cilju smanjenja incidencije karcinoma i mortaliteta