PROFESSIONAL SPECIFICITY OF CONCEPTUAL THINKING

Introduction. Most studies of psychologists and teachers in the phenomenon of conceptual thinking and ways of its formation are considered to be rather controversial and questionable. However, the research results were limited to the phenomenon of conceptual thinking and are therefore not representative for its implementation during the process of vocational training at the higher school. There is still considerable uncertainty with regard to the approaches to the problem of conceptual thinking in the humanities, including pedagogics and psychology. Furthermore, previous studies have not dealt with the objectives of conceptual thinking formation. The aims of the article are: to justify the use of the term “professional conceptualization of thinking” (PCT) in theory and practice; to describe the prospects of the development of PCT in the training process. Methodology and research methods. The methodological base of the research involves the Russian psychological and pedagogical science approaches to the consideration of conceptual thinking as a higher mental function, a systematized and summarized form of cognitive reflection of notions and relations of reality. The experimental work was carried out using the method of observation, interviews, and tests. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data was conducted. The process of formation of PCT is described through the theory of stage-by-stage systematic development of mental acts. Results and scientific novelty. The concept “professional conceptualization of thinking” (PCT), a new one for psychological-pedagogical science, is suggested. The PCT levels are identified: ordinary, formal, substantial, system, and holistic. The objectives proposed for the development of the PCT levels in the process of professional education consist in the organization of consecutive transition from conscious mastering of a terminological framework to its use in the performance of educational tasks; from understanding the logic of the solution of professional tasks to development of logic of professional activity; from the student's position as a participant of interaction with a teacher to the position of a member of professional activity. The author refers to the need of: continuous stimulation for students’ work during the process of understanding the relationship of concepts with intrinsic properties of objects; role definition of conceptual reflection of reality presented in the chain “aim of task solution – objects – their properties – a task – actions”. Practical significance. The findings of the study, approaches to development of PCT and the author’s recommendations can be used in teaching both psychological-pedagogical disciplines and other disciplines in higher education institutions.Введение. В научных трудах психологов и педагогов феномен понятийного мышления и способы его формирования рассмотрены весьма разносторонне и глубоко. Однако мало изученными остаются аспекты специфики их приложения к процессу профессиональной подготовки в высшей школе. Практически отсутствуют подходы к изучению этой стороны понятийного мышления в гуманитарных видах деятельности, в том числе в педагогике и психологии; больше того, не обозначены четкие ориентиры его развития в профессиональном образовании.Цели изложенного в статье исследования состоят в обосновании целесообразности использования в теории и практике профессионального образования термина «профессионализированная понятийность мышления» (ППМ) и в описании возможностей развития данного вида мышления у студентов вузов. Методология и методики. Методологической базой исследования явились сложившиеся в отечественной психолого-педагогической науке подходы к рассмотрению понятийного мышления как высшей психической функции, систематизированной и обобщенной формы познавательного отражения связей и отношений действительности. В опытно-экспериментальной работе использовались наблюдение, опрос, тестирование. Для обработки полученных данных производились количественный и качественный виды анализа. Процесс формирования ППС описан с позиций теории поэтапного планомерного развития умственных действий. Результаты и научная новизна. Предложено новое для психолого-педагогической науки понятие «профессионализированная понятийность мышления». Выделены уровни ППМ: обыденный, формальный, содержательный, системно-холистический. Намечены ориентиры для развития данных уровней понятийной компетентности будущих специалистов в процессе их профессиональной подготовки, которые заключаются в организации последовательного перехода от осмысленного освоения содержания терминологического аппарата к его использованию при решении учебных задач; от понимания логики решения профессиональных задач – к освоению логики профессиональной деятельности; от позиции студента как участника взаимодействия с преподавателем к позиции субъекта профессиональной деятельности. Указывается на необходимость постоянной стимуляции работы студентов по осмыслению связей понятий с сущностными свойствами объектов и по определению роли понятийного отражения действительности в цепочке «цель решения задачи – объекты – их свойства – задача – действия». Практическая значимость. Результаты исследования и намеченные походы к процессу развития понятийного мышления, которое является важнейшим инструментом совершенствования профессиональной деятельности, и рекомендации автора могут быть использованы при преподавании как психолого-педагогических, так и других дисциплин, осваиваемых студентами университетов

Judicial system of Saudi Arabia and analysis of jurisdiction courts of first instance

The above analysis of the development of judicial system of Saudi Arabia allows authors reflecting the dynamics of the judiciary hierarchy. Particular attention is focused on the jurisdiction of the courts of first instance. The Law on the Justice System of Saudi Arabia (2007) excluded single consideration of petty crimes by kadi. Hence, their consideration was completely transferred to the courts of first instance in a collegiate composition of three kadis. In most countries of the world, consideration of petty crimes has been transferred to the jurisdiction of world courts or magistrates' courts. Therefore, the authors recommend the legislator of Saudi Arabia to return to the system of courts of summary jurisdiction, which provide the consideration of petty criminal cases under simplified legal proceedings

Compositions Of Crimes In The Sphere Of Economic Activity, Referred To The Competence Of The Magistrate (Chapter 22 Of The Criminal Code Of The Russian Federation)

The international documents oblige the Russian legislator to pay substantial attention to the issues of jurisdiction. These requirements are stipulated in paragraph 1 of Article 14 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, etc. The essence of these requirements is to provide the states with guarantees of the right to a fair public consideration of the case without any delay by a competent court.The issues of the court competence in the criminal cases in Russia are regulated in Article 31 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The significance of meeting the requirements of this article is in the fact that if there are some violations of the rules stipulated in Article 31, it automatically leads to a sentence cancellation. The sign of territorial jurisdiction, as a rule, is not violated, but there are not only the issues, but also the facts of violations and sentence cancellation concerning a compliance with the requirements of subject jurisdiction, i.e. which court should consider a particular criminal case in vertical direction. In such cases, the entire procedure starts again, of course, this is a nuisance for everyone.  However, the arbitrary transfer of criminal cases from court to court is not allowed. In particular, no one can be deprived of the right to his case consideration by that court, to the jurisdiction of which it is attributed by law. This rule seems to be simple, but it should be impeccably observed

Study of factors affecting the erosive wear of equipment for dehydrogenation units in fluidized beds of microspherical chromia-alumina catalysts under industrial operating conditions

© Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2014. © A.N. Kataev, A.A. Lamberov, S.R. Egorova, Kh.Kh. Gilmanov, 2014. The main problems associated with the operation of microspherical treating-type chromia-alumina catalysts with increased strength during isoparaffin dehydrogenation are discussed. The erosive wear of the walls of overflow pipelines when using a mixture of treating-type KDI and conventional IM-2201S catalysts and ways of solving the problem are emphasized. It is found that the main reason for an increase in erosive wear is the greater momentum of catalyst particles due to a higher mean particle size and gas transport rate; upon transitioning from IM-2201S to a mixture of IM-2201S and KDM (70 : 30), the mean particle size of the equilibrium catalyst grows from 68 to 74 μm. The optimum size range of a high-strength catalytic system in which the activity does not increase over time is calculated with a lower rate of transport gas injection while keeping the number of particles 20-40 μm in size at 20-30 wt %. Pilot batch production of high-strength catalyst in the optimum size range is recommended in order to shift units for the industrial dehydrogenation of isobutane to the use of treating-type KDI catalyst without the addition of IM-2201S

Model Estimation of Land-Use Effects on Water Levels of Northern Prairie Wetlands

Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region exist in a matrix of grassland dominated by intensive pastoral and cultivation agriculture. Recent conservation management has emphasized the conversion of cultivated farmland and degraded pastures to intact grassland to improve upland nesting habitat. The consequences of changes in land-use cover that alter watershed processes have not been evaluated relative to their effect on the water budgets and vegetation dynamics of associated wetlands. We simulated the effect of upland agricultural practices on the water budget and vegetation of a semipermanent prairie wetland by modifying a previously published mathematical model (WETSIM). Watershed cover/landuse practices were categorized as unmanaged grassland (native grass, smooth brome), managed grassland (moderately heavily grazed, prescribed burned), cultivated crops (row crop, small grain), and alfalfa hayland. Model simulations showed that differing rates of evapotranspiration and runoff associated with different upland plant-cover categories in the surrounding catchment produced differences in wetland water budgets and linked ecological dynamics. Wetland water levels were highest and vegetation the most dynamic under the managed-grassland simulations, while water levels were the lowest and vegetation the least dynamic under the unmanaged-grassland simulations. The modeling results suggest that unmanaged grassland, often planted for waterfowl nesting, may produce the least favorable wetland conditions for birds, especially in drier regions of the Prairie Pothole Region. These results stand as hypotheses that urgently need to be verified with empirical data

Diffusion model of the dehydrogenation of isoamylenes into isoprene in a fixed iron-potassium catalyst bed

© Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2014. © A.G. Egorov, Kh.Kh. Gilmanov, A.A. Lamberov, P.V. Urtyakov, 2014. A mathematical model is suggested for the dehydrogenation of isoamylenes into isoprene in a fixed bed of industrial, self-regenerating, iron-potassium catalysts (KDOM and ZhKD). The model takes into account the size and shape of catalyst granules, the rate constants and activation energies of the forward (dehydrogenation) and reverses (hydrogenation) reactions, those of cracking and catalyst self-regeneration reactions, and the buildup of leachable and nonleachable coke. The mathematical model adequately describes the physical and chemical processes occurring in the dehydrogenation of isoamylenes in industrial reactors at different amounts of iron-potassium catalyst and varied reactor operation parameters (feed flow rate, degree of dilution of the feedstock with water vapor, temperature and pressure at the reactor inlet. It provides means to optimize the technological parameters of the industrial process

MODELS OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AND MEDICO-ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE ORTHOTICS DEPARTMENT IN A HOSPITAL

This publication shows the relationship of one of the three proposed financial and economic models of orthotics offices, assisting patients with different pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, depending on the category of the hospital. The models of orthotics offices subjected to the analysis differ by a financing source; the system of an assessment of the dominating and minor indicators of their functioning is developed. Possible economic efficiency of the work of this office, working in the compulsory health insurance system is shown in the group of patients (n = 30) with a fracture of the distal end of the radius, and has made more than 377 000,0 rubles per year (according to 2014)

Dehydrogenation of methylbutenes to isoprene: Mathematical analysis of technology upgrade options. Part i

© 2015 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. The mathematical modelling of conventional metylbutene dehydrogenation technology (performed in an adiabatic reactor) and of three versions of this process conducted in a pseudo-isothermal mode is performed to select a variant of modernization that is optimal in terms of energy efficiency. These variants are (1) a single-reactor design with a fractional supply of steam to the upper and middle zones of the catalyst bed; (2) a design with two reactors in series and intermediate heating of the contact gas in an interstage superheater; and (3) a design with two reactors in series and the adding of an overheated gas into the interreactor space. It is shown that each of the new designs can significantly increase the effectiveness of the process, compared to the conventional technology. A comparative analysis is performed of the dependences of the selectivity and yield of isoprene formation on the amount of heat energy Q supplied in the experimental designs. It is concluded that at long times of contact, the greatest increase in the isoprene yield (5.5%) and selectivity (5.6%) is obtained with design (2), especially when Q > 8.5 × 106 J/kg

Pilot tests of the microspherical aluminochromium KDI-M catalyst for iso-butane dehydrogenation

© 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.Results from pilot tests of microspherical aluminochromium KDI-M catalyst mixed with IM-2201 in a large-scale unit (Nizhnekamskneftekhim) for iso-butane dehydrogenation are discussed. Compared to KDI catalyst, its modified analogue KDI-M is more active and selective; the optimized grain-size composition and mechanical strength ensures higher yields of iso-butylene and longer nonstop operation (up to 400 days) of the reactor unit

Investigating the mechanism of the effect of cerium additives on the properties of the iron-potassium system-the active component of dehydrogenation catalysts of hydrocarbons Report 2

The properties of the Fe2O3-K2O and Fe2O3-K2O-CeO2 model systems with weight ratios of 80: 20 and 50: 20: 30, respectively, are studied by means of thermal, magnetic, X-ray and dispersion analysis, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. It is found that the successive formation of mono- and polyferrite phase occurs during the interaction of iron oxide and potassium carbonate. It is proposed that the activity of the iron-potassium catalyst is proportional to the content of the surface monoferrite phase. It is found that introducing cerium into the iron-potassium system leads to a redistribution of potassium mono- and polyferrites in the ferrite phase, raising the proportion of monoferrite. Introducing cerium therefore promotes the activity of the catalyst system. The results from this study will be used to develop new iron-potassium catalysts with high catalytic activity in the dehydrogenation of isoamylenes into isoprene. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd