1,094 research outputs found
Periodic waves in bimodal optical fibers
We consider coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations (CNLSE) which govern the
propagation of nonlinear waves in bimodal optical fibers. The nonlinear
transform of a dual-frequency signal is used to generate an ultra-short-pulse
train. To predict the energy and width of pulses in the train, we derive three
new types of travelling periodic-wave solutions, using the Hirota bilinear
method. We also show that all the previously reported periodic wave solutions
of CNLSE can be derived in a systematic way, using the Hirota method.Comment: 10 pages with 2 figures. "Optics Communications, in press
Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy of semiconductors for optical applications beyond the visible spectral range
Since the development of the first light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the early 1960’s [1, 2],
opto-electronic technology based on the semiconducting materials evolved rapidly in the
last half of the century. Today, barely all aspects of the generation, control, and detection
of light are potentially covered by the solid-state semiconductor devices. The reason is
a unique combination of flexibility, low-cost fabrication, as well as compact packaging
dimensions. In particular, scientific applications profit from the large tunability of the
semiconductor diodes and lasers as well as from the high sensitivity of the detectors in
a broad spectral range from the ultra-violett (UV) to the infra-red (IR) [4]. In addition,
numerous industry branches successfully exploit solid-state light-sources for material processing,
characterization, and quality testing [3]. Finally, the semiconductor-based emitters
and detectors have already found their way into the everyday’s life. In many cases, the
technology is subtly integrated and barely noticable, yet it is often the heart of the respective
applications. High-brilliance LEDs provide images for the television projectors [6],
compact lasers ensure rapid optical communication [5], and almost every photographer
relies on cameras with silicon-based detectors, the so-called charge-coupled-devices or
CCDs [7], only to name a few. Notably, the invention of the latter was honored with the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009 [8].
Still, the journey is far from being over. The ever-increasing need for energy-saving
lighting, faster optical communication, as well as for versatile optical sources in the growing
field of the bio-physics anticipates and almost demands further technological advance.
The research is aimed towards compact and low-cost lasers with high repetition rates in
the near-infra-red (NIR) spectral range, bright, more efficient LEDs over the complete
visible (VIS) spectrum, as well as strong and tunable lasers emitting in the ultra-violet
(UV) wavelength region. In addition, transparent opto-electronic devices as well as the
light-emitters on a scale as small as several nanometers are envisioned.
To address these challenges, several steps are to be taken. First, a detailed understanding
of the fundamental phenomena in semiconductors is required for a proper design of
optical devices. The second, equally important procedure is the synthesis and the characterization
of novel material systems suited for the desired applications over a broad spectral
range. On this basis, semiconductor devices are finally developed and optimized to
expoit their respective potential as well as to identify any fundamental restrictions. The work discussed in this thesis is focused on the experimental studies regarding these
three steps: (1) investigation of the fundamental effects, (2) characterization of new material
systems, and (3) optimization of the semiconductor devices. It goes without saying
that only parts of the broad scientific fields are addressed. In all three cases, the experimental
technique of choice is photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy [9]. This method
is based on the detection of light emitted by the photo-excited materials. Considering
the possibility of spectrally-, temporally- and spatially-resolved measurements, PL spectroscopy
remains a flexible and, most-important, a non-destructive probe for the optical
response of semiconductors.
The thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 2 gives a summary of the PL properties of
semiconductors relevant for this work. The first section deals with the intrinsic processes
in an ideal direct band gap material, starting with a brief summary of the theoretical
background followed by the overview of a typical PL scenario. In the second part of
the chapter, the role of the lattice-vibrations, the internal electric fields as well as the
influence of the band-structure and the dielectric environment are discussed. Finally,
extrinsic PL properties are presented in the third section, focusing on defects and disorder
in real materials.
In chapter 3, the experimental realization of the spectroscopic studies is discussed. The
time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) setup is presented, focusing on the applied excitation
source, non-linear frequency mixing, and the operation of the streak camera used
for the detection. In addition, linear spectroscopy setup for continous-wave (CW) PL and
absorption measurements is illustrated.
Chapter 4 aims at the study of the interactions between electrons and lattice-vibrations
in semiconductor crystals relevant for the proper description of carrier dynamics as well
as the heat-transfer processes. The presented discussion covers the experimental studies
of many-body effects in phonon-assisted emission of semiconductors due to the carriercarrier
Coulomb-interaction [10, 11]. The corresponding theoretical background is discussed
in detail in chapter 2. The investigations are focused on the two main questions
regarding electron-hole plasma contributions to the phonon-assisted light-matter interaction
as well as the impact of Coulomb-correlations on the carrier-phonon scattering.
The experiments presented in chapter 5 deal with the characterization of recently synthesizedmaterial
systems: ZnO/(ZnMg)O heterostructures, GaN quantumwires (QWires),
as well as (GaAs)Bi quantum wells (QWs). The former two materials are designed for potential
electro-optical applications in the UV spectral range [12, 13]. TRPL spectroscopy
is applied to gain insight as well as a better understanding of the respective carrier relaxation
and recombination processes crucial for the device operation. The latter material
system, Ga(AsBi), is a possible candidate for light-emitting devices in the NIR, at the
telecom wavelengths of 1.3 μm and 1.55 μm[14]. The main hallmark of this semiconductor is the giant band gap reduction with Bi content [22], unusually large for more typical
compound materials [15]. The aim of the studies is the systematic investigation of carrier
dynamics influenced by disorder. The measurements are supported by kinetic Monte-
Carlo simulations [23], providing a quantitative analysis of carrier localization effects.
In chapter 6, optimization and characterization studies of semiconductor lasers, based
on the well-studied (GaIn)As material system designed for NIR applications, are performed.
The device under investigation is the so-called vertical-external-cavity surfaceemitting
laser (VECSEL) [16, 17]. This laser perfectly combines the excellent beam quality
of surface emitters and the high output power of semiconductor edge-emitting diodelasers.
VECSELs are available in a broad spectral range [18], offer efficient intra-cavity
frequency mixing [19] combined with frequency stabilization [20], and are able to operate
in a pulsed regime, emitting ultra-short sub-500 fs pulses [21]. For the majority of the
applications high output power of the device remains crucial. The performance of the
laser, however, is typically limited by the heating of the device during the operation. The
experiments focus on the study of the thermal properties of a high-power VECSEL. The
distribution and removal of the excess heat as well as the optimization of the laser for increased
performance are adressed applying different heat-spreading and heat-transfer approaches.
Based on these investigations, the possibility for power-scaling is evaluated and
the underlying restrictions are analyzed. The latter investigations are performed applying
spatially-resolved PL spectroscopy. An experimental setup is designed for monitoring the
spatial distribution of heat in the semiconductor structure during laser operation.
A brief summary of the experimental findings and the resulting conclusions are given
in the chapter 7 in the end of the thesis
Baryogenesis from the amplification of vacuum fluctuations during inflation
We propose that the baryon asymmetry of the Universe may originate from the
amplification of quantum fluctuations of a light complex scalar field during
inflation. CP-violation is sourced by complex mass terms, which are smaller
than the Hubble rate, as well as non-standard kinetic terms. We find that, when
assuming 60 e-folds of inflation, an asymmetry in accordance with observation
can result for models where the energy scale of inflation is of the order of
10^16 GeV. Lower scales may be achieved when assuming substantially larger
amounts of e-folds.Comment: 18 page
De Sitter Breaking through Infrared Divergences
Just because the propagator of some field obeys a de Sitter invariant
equation does not mean it possesses a de Sitter invariant solution. The classic
example is the propagator of a massless, minimally coupled scalar. We show that
the same thing happens for massive scalars with , and for massive
transverse vectors with , where is the dimension
of spacetime and is the Hubble parameter. Although all masses in these
ranges give infrared divergent mode sums, using dimensional regularization (or
any other analytic continuation technique) to define the mode sums leads to the
incorrect conclusion that de Sitter invariant solutions exist except at
discrete values of the masses.Comment: 27 pages, no figures, uses LaTeX 2epsilo
Vacuum energy induced by an impenetrable flux tube of finite radius
We consider the effect of the magnetic field background in the form of a tube
of the finite transverse size on the vacuum of the quantized charged massive
scalar field which is subject to the Dirichlet boundary condition at the edge
of the tube. The vacuum energy is induced, being periodic in the value of the
magnetic flux enclosed in the tube. Our previous study in J. Phys. A: Vol.43,
175401 (2010) is extended to the case of smaller radius of the tube and larger
distances from it. The dependence of the vacuum energy density on the distance
from the tube and on the coupling to the space-time curvature scalar is
comprehensively analyzed.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, journal version, abstract extended. arXiv admin
note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:0911.287
A prototype for dS/CFT
We consider dS_2/CFT_1 where the asymptotic symmetry group of the de Sitter
spacetime contains the Virasoro algebra. We construct representations of the
Virasoro algebra realized in the Fock space of a massive scalar field in de
Sitter, built as excitations of the Euclidean vacuum state. These
representations are unitary, without highest weight, and have vanishing central
charge. They provide a prototype for a new class of conformal field theories
dual to de Sitter backgrounds in string theory. The mapping of operators in the
CFT to bulk quantities is described in detail. We comment on the extension to
dS_3/CFT_2.Comment: 17 pages, revtex
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