Short term neonatal outcomes of singleton term breech delivery: two year experiences in a Malaysian tertiary hospital

Background: There are few neonatal complications of breech delivery including the low Apgar score, birth trauma, admission to neonatal unit and perinatal mortality. Objective: To review the short term complications and their associating factors among singleton term breech infants in relation to mode of delivery. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study that involves 294 term singleton pregnant women with breech presentation in Hospital Serdang, Malaysia from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015. Data abstracted from the delivery record book and the hospital database computerised system were used to compare the short term outcomes of singleton term breech infants born via vaginal breech delivery and pre-labour or in-labour caesarean section. Results: Out of 294 cases, 25% (n=73) displayed a successful vaginal delivery, whereas the remaining 75% (n=221) have undergone caesarean delivery. It was more common in multiparous women (64.3%) and frank-typed of breech (59.9%) is more prevalence compared to others. Nulliparity was found significantly predominant in caesarean section delivery (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.114-5.084, p= 0.005), while the complete-typed of breech was significantly lesser in caesarean section group (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.246-0.915, p= 0.026). However, there was no significant difference discovered in adverse neonatal outcome regarding the mode of delivery. Conclusion: Pre or in- labour caesarean section and vaginal delivery in terms of singleton breech presentation contains a similar risk of adverse neonatal outcome. According to this study, the main risk factors affecting the mode of delivery are parity and type of breech presentation

Passively Q-Switched pulse erbium doped fiber laser using Antimony (III) Telluride (Sb2Te3) thin film as saturable absorber

This paper demonstrates on an antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) thin film sandwiched between two fiber ferrule as saturable absorber for Qswitched pulsed Erbium doped fiber (EDF) laser. The saturable absorber is fabricated by dissolving Antimony (III) Telluride powder into PVA solution and dry in the ambient temperature for 48 hours. Then, 1 mm2 x 1 mm2 Sb2Te3-PVA film based saturable absorber is sandwiched in between FC/PC ferrule for Q-switched laser generation. The modulation depth of the Sb2Te3 is measured as 28.01% with input intensity 0.02 MW/cm2 . The developed passive saturable absorber integrated in EDF laser in ring cavity and the characterised pulse is with repetition rates of 30.21 kHz, shortest pulse width of 3.26 µs and signal-noise-ratio (SNR) of 42 dB. The maximum output pulse energy is achieved at pump power 69.5 mW with 29.5 nJ and the output power 0.89 mW

Graphite saturable absorber for Q switched fiber laser

This paper reported a successful demonstration on Q-switched fiber laser by using graphite as saturable absorber (SA). The graphite is deposited on the fiber ferrule through a simple mechanical exfoliation method. The modulation depth of the graphite SA is 19.2% with a saturation intensity of 85 MW/cm². The maximum achievable pulse repetition rates and pulse width are 42.41 kHz and 3.40 μs respec-tively. Meanwhile, its optical signal-to-noise ratio is about 50.81 dB. The Q-switched pulses have the maximum pulse energy of 5.84 nJ. These outcomes demonstrated that a stable output of passively Q-switched fiber laser is produced and can be applied for various optical fiber applications